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ap psych > mesh (modules 52-59) > Flashcards

mesh (modules 52-59) Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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3
Q

physiological need

A

a basic bodily requirement

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

-a tendency to maintain a balanced and constant internal state
-the regulation of any state of body chemistry

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5
Q

incentive

A

a positive and negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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6
Q

drive reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state(a drive) which motivates the organism to satisfy it

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7
Q

instinct theory

A

states that genetic predispositions are the source of our behavior and motivate us

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8
Q

incentive theory

A

we are motivated by positive and negative environmental stimuli called incentives

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9
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

the incentive we feel to complete the task for external factors such as rewards and punishments

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10
Q

arousal theory

A

-human motivation seeks to reach optimum levels of arousal
-some motivated behaviors increase arousal ex: curiosity

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10
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

the incentive we feel to complete a task simply because we like the task

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11
Q

difficult tasks are performed best with…

A

lower levels of arousal

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12
Q

easy tasks are best performed with…

A

higher levels of arousal

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13
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A

-moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
-idea that performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point beyond which performance decreases

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13
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

-maslow’s hierarchy of needs shows we prioritize survival based needs then social needs more than needs for esteem and meaning
-states our goal is to reach self transcendence

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14
Q

maslow’s hierachy of needs consists of…

A

physiological needs–> safety needs–> belongingness/love needs–> esteem needs–> self actualization needs–> self-transcendence

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15
Q

glucose

A

-the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides energy for body tissues
-we feel hunger when we have low glucose

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16
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas which diminishes glucose, partly turning it into stored fat

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17
Q

washburn experiment

A

-washburn swallows a balloon which is connected to sensors to monitor stomach contractions
-whenever he feels hungry he presses a button
-experiment showed the correlation between hunger and stomach contractions

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18
Q

ghrelin

A

-hunger hormone secreted by empty stomach
-sends “im hungry” signals to the brain

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19
Q

orexin

A

hunger triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

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20
Q

leptin

A

-protein hormone secreted by fat cells
-when abundant it causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

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21
Q

PYY

A

-digestive tract hormone
-sends “i’m not hungry” signals to the brain

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22
Q

stimulation of the ventromedial area of hypothalamus will..

A

signals to stop eating or vomit

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23
Q

stimulation of the lateral area of hypothalamus will..

A

signal to keep eating

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24
Q

lesion of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus will..

A

signal to keep eating

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25
Q

lesion of the lateral area of hypothalamus will..

A

signal to stop eating or vomit

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26
Q

set point

A

-the point at which your body weight will fluctuate from
-when body weight dips below this number, increased hunger and lowered metabolic rate will combine to restore lost weight

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27
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy output

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28
Q

carbohydrates boost…

A

serotonin production

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29
Q

situational influences on eating

A

-eating with others makes you want to eat more food
-serving size –> bigger size makes u want to eat more
-selections stimulate –> you’re going to eat more at a buffet rather than having one option of food to eat
-nudging nutrition

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30
Q

physiological factors of obesity

A

-storing fat WAS adaptive for ancestors
-set point and metabolism matter
-genetic influences

31
Q

environmental factors

A

-sleep loss leaves us vulnerable
-social influences –> if yk obese ppl ur chances of becoming obese triple
-food and activity levels –> worldwide we eat more and move less than we used to

32
Q

asexual

A

having no sexual attraction to others

33
Q

testosterone

A

the most important male sex hormone

34
Q

estrogen

A

female sex hormones that peak during ovulation

35
Q

sexual response cycle

A

masters and johns 4 stage cycle
-excitement
-plateau
-orgasm
-resolution

36
Q

refractory period

A

-a resting period after orgasm where a person cannot achieve another orgasm
-women can have multiple orgasms in one sexual response cycle

37
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

38
Q

ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

39
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

40
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills or ideas, or attaining a high standard

41
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism:
1. physiological arousal
2. expressive behaviors
3. conscious experience

42
Q

James-Lange theory

A

-the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
-stimulus -> arousal -> emotion

43
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

-the theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers; physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion
-stimulus -> arousal + emotion

44
Q

Two-factor theory/Schachter-Singer theory

A

-theory that we first become physically aroused, then cognitive label the arousal, then experience emotion
-corrects james lange
-stimulus -> arousal -> cognitive label -> emotion

45
Q

lazarus theory

A

-theory that emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous
-corrects cannon bard

46
Q

zajonc/ledoux theory

A

-some embodied responses happen instantly without conscious appraisal
-stimulus -> thalamus -> cortex -> amygdala
OR
-stimulus -> thalamus -> amygdala

47
Q

the high road

A

(slow moving–higher order) thalamus to cortex, to amygdala–complex emotions, love

48
Q

the low road

A

(quick moving-evolutionary) thalamus to amygdala –fear, surprise, anger.

49
Q

paul ekman’s 7 basic emotions

A

suggests humans everywhere can recognize seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness and surprise

50
Q

facial feedback theory

A

the theory that states facial muscles tend to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

51
Q

behavior feedback theory

A

the tendency of our behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions.

52
Q

catharsis hypothesis

A

-idea that releasing aggressive energy will diminish levels of anger and aggression
-not supported by research and anger builds upon anger

53
Q

acute stress

A

a temporary pattern of a stressor-activated arousal with a distinct onset, and limited duration

54
Q

chronic stress

A

a continuous state of stressful arousal persisting over time

55
Q

stress

A

a physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation

56
Q

stressor

A

a stressful stimulus or situation demanding adaptation

57
Q

what life events provoke stress?

A

-catastrophes
-significant life changes
-daily hassles

58
Q

traumatic stressors

A

a situation that threatens yours or other’s physical safety and promotes a feeling of helplessness

59
Q

general adaptation syndrome (chronic stressors)

A

-alarm reaction
-resistance
-exhaustation

60
Q

alarm reaction

A

body mobilizes it’s resources to cope with a stressor
-normal resistance

61
Q

resistance

A

-the body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressor
-successful resistance

62
Q

exhaustion

A

-the body depletes it’s resources
-illness/death

63
Q

psychophysiological illness

A

any stress related illness
-headaches, hypertension, etc.

64
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

study of how stress affects resistance to disease

65
Q

immune system

A

system that defends your body by isolating and destroying bacteria and viruses

66
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells

67
Q

b lymphocytes

A

form in bone marrow and fight bacterial infections

68
Q

t lymphocytes

A

form in lymphatic tissue and fight cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

69
Q

macrophage

A

identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders

70
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack diseased cells (those invaded by virus or cancer)

71
Q

type A people

A

friedman and rosenmans term for competitive hard driven aggressive impatient people

72
Q

type B people

A

friedman and rosenmans easy going and relaxed people

73
Q

relative deprivation

A

the sense that we are worse off than others we compare ourselves to

74
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

a person’s tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced

75
Q

Well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

76
Q

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon:

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when they’re in a good mood

ap psych (13 decks)

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