mesh (modules 52-59) Flashcards
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
physiological need
a basic bodily requirement
homeostasis
-a tendency to maintain a balanced and constant internal state
-the regulation of any state of body chemistry
incentive
a positive and negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
drive reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state(a drive) which motivates the organism to satisfy it
instinct theory
states that genetic predispositions are the source of our behavior and motivate us
incentive theory
we are motivated by positive and negative environmental stimuli called incentives
extrinsic motivation
the incentive we feel to complete the task for external factors such as rewards and punishments
arousal theory
-human motivation seeks to reach optimum levels of arousal
-some motivated behaviors increase arousal ex: curiosity
intrinsic motivation
the incentive we feel to complete a task simply because we like the task
difficult tasks are performed best with…
lower levels of arousal
easy tasks are best performed with…
higher levels of arousal
yerkes-dodson law
-moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
-idea that performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point beyond which performance decreases
hierarchy of needs
-maslow’s hierarchy of needs shows we prioritize survival based needs then social needs more than needs for esteem and meaning
-states our goal is to reach self transcendence
maslow’s hierachy of needs consists of…
physiological needs–> safety needs–> belongingness/love needs–> esteem needs–> self actualization needs–> self-transcendence
glucose
-the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides energy for body tissues
-we feel hunger when we have low glucose
insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreas which diminishes glucose, partly turning it into stored fat
washburn experiment
-washburn swallows a balloon which is connected to sensors to monitor stomach contractions
-whenever he feels hungry he presses a button
-experiment showed the correlation between hunger and stomach contractions
ghrelin
-hunger hormone secreted by empty stomach
-sends “im hungry” signals to the brain
orexin
hunger triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
leptin
-protein hormone secreted by fat cells
-when abundant it causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
PYY
-digestive tract hormone
-sends “i’m not hungry” signals to the brain
stimulation of the ventromedial area of hypothalamus will..
signals to stop eating or vomit
stimulation of the lateral area of hypothalamus will..
signal to keep eating
lesion of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus will..
signal to keep eating
lesion of the lateral area of hypothalamus will..
signal to stop eating or vomit
set point
-the point at which your body weight will fluctuate from
-when body weight dips below this number, increased hunger and lowered metabolic rate will combine to restore lost weight
basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy output
carbohydrates boost…
serotonin production
situational influences on eating
-eating with others makes you want to eat more food
-serving size –> bigger size makes u want to eat more
-selections stimulate –> you’re going to eat more at a buffet rather than having one option of food to eat
-nudging nutrition
physiological factors of obesity
-storing fat WAS adaptive for ancestors
-set point and metabolism matter
-genetic influences
environmental factors
-sleep loss leaves us vulnerable
-social influences –> if yk obese ppl ur chances of becoming obese triple
-food and activity levels –> worldwide we eat more and move less than we used to
asexual
having no sexual attraction to others
testosterone
the most important male sex hormone
estrogen
female sex hormones that peak during ovulation
sexual response cycle
masters and johns 4 stage cycle
-excitement
-plateau
-orgasm
-resolution
refractory period
-a resting period after orgasm where a person cannot achieve another orgasm
-women can have multiple orgasms in one sexual response cycle
affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills or ideas, or attaining a high standard
emotion
a response of the whole organism:
1. physiological arousal
2. expressive behaviors
3. conscious experience
James-Lange theory
-the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
-stimulus -> arousal -> emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
-the theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers; physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion
-stimulus -> arousal + emotion
Two-factor theory/Schachter-Singer theory
-theory that we first become physically aroused, then cognitive label the arousal, then experience emotion
-corrects james lange
-stimulus -> arousal -> cognitive label -> emotion
lazarus theory
-theory that emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous
-corrects cannon bard
zajonc/ledoux theory
-some embodied responses happen instantly without conscious appraisal
-stimulus -> thalamus -> cortex -> amygdala
OR
-stimulus -> thalamus -> amygdala
the high road
(slow moving–higher order) thalamus to cortex, to amygdala–complex emotions, love
the low road
(quick moving-evolutionary) thalamus to amygdala –fear, surprise, anger.
paul ekman’s 7 basic emotions
suggests humans everywhere can recognize seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness and surprise
facial feedback theory
the theory that states facial muscles tend to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
behavior feedback theory
the tendency of our behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions.
catharsis hypothesis
-idea that releasing aggressive energy will diminish levels of anger and aggression
-not supported by research and anger builds upon anger
acute stress
a temporary pattern of a stressor-activated arousal with a distinct onset, and limited duration
chronic stress
a continuous state of stressful arousal persisting over time
stress
a physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation
stressor
a stressful stimulus or situation demanding adaptation
what life events provoke stress?
-catastrophes
-significant life changes
-daily hassles
traumatic stressors
a situation that threatens yours or other’s physical safety and promotes a feeling of helplessness
general adaptation syndrome (chronic stressors)
-alarm reaction
-resistance
-exhaustation
alarm reaction
body mobilizes it’s resources to cope with a stressor
-normal resistance
resistance
-the body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressor
-successful resistance
exhaustion
-the body depletes it’s resources
-illness/death
psychophysiological illness
any stress related illness
-headaches, hypertension, etc.
psychoneuroimmunology
study of how stress affects resistance to disease
immune system
system that defends your body by isolating and destroying bacteria and viruses
lymphocytes
white blood cells
b lymphocytes
form in bone marrow and fight bacterial infections
t lymphocytes
form in lymphatic tissue and fight cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
macrophage
identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders
natural killer cells
attack diseased cells (those invaded by virus or cancer)
type A people
friedman and rosenmans term for competitive hard driven aggressive impatient people
type B people
friedman and rosenmans easy going and relaxed people
relative deprivation
the sense that we are worse off than others we compare ourselves to
adaptation-level phenomenon
a person’s tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced
Well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon:
people’s tendency to be helpful when they’re in a good mood
