history and systems (modules 1,2,3) Flashcards
science
a passion to explore and understand without misleading or being misled
curiosity
when put to the test, can it’s predictions be confirmed? does it work?
skepticism
doubt as to the truth of something
- how do you know?
-what do you mean?
humility
being willing to be surprised and is open to new ideas
the three aspects of scientific attitude
curiosity, skepticism, humility
critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
socrates and plato
-concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues on after death
-believed knowledge was innate
aristotle’s perspective
believed that knowledge is NOT pre-existing and instead grows from our experiences
renes descartes
-supported existence of innate knowledge
-believed animal spirits lived in our brain cavities and that they travel through nerves to muscles to promote movement
francis bacon
-one of the founders of modern science
-believed the human understanding easily supposes a greater degree of order and equality in things than it really finds
empiricism
-the idea that knowledge comes from experience
-observation and experimentation enable knowledge
john locke
-british political philosopher who proposed the idea that the mind at birth is a “blank slate”
-an essay concerning human understanding
wilhem wundt
created the world’s first psychological laboratory at university of leipzig
structuralism
-proposed by wundt and titchener
-introspection is used to reveal the structure of the human mind
edward bradford titchener
-student of wundt who introduced structuralism at cornell university
introspection
the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological
functionalism
-proposed by william james and influenced by darwin
-explored how mental and behavioral processes functions and how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
william james
-believed it would be fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings
-believed feeling is adaptive
mary whiton calkins
first woman to be president of the APA
margaret floy washburn
received the first official female psychology phd
behaviorism
the view that psychology
-should be an objective science
-studies behavior without reference to mental processes
john b watson
championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior
-showed that fear could be learned in the little albert experiment
b.f. skinner
-behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consuqences shape behavior
sigmund freud
controversial figure who proposed theory of personality and the idea of unconscious sexual conflicts
psychoanalytic psychology
emphasizes the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affct our behavior
humanistic psychology
emphasiez human growth potentional
carl rogers and abraham maslow
humanistic psychologists who found behaviorism and freudian psychology too limiting
cognitive psychology
the study of mental processes, such as those that occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciniplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
ivan pavlov
pioneered the study of learning
jean piaget
the last century’s most influential observer of children
contemporary psychology is inluenced by
our understanding of biology and experience, culture and gender, and human flourishing
natural selection
the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism’s survival are more likely to be passed down
nature-nurture issue
the debate over whether your genes or experiences shape behavior and psychological traits
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors
in contemporary science the nature-nurture tension dissolves because
nurture works on what nature provides
every psychological event is simualtanouesly a biologicla event
this means depression oculd be both a brain and thought disorder
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted form one generation to the next
even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary by gender or across cultures…
the underlying processes are much the same
positive psychology
-the study of human flourishing
-with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help communities and indivuals thrive
biopsychosocial approach
and integrated approach the combines biological, psychological, and socio-cultural viewpoints
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning
biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes
psychodynamic perspective
behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
social cultural perspective
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
humanistic persepctive
how we achieve personal growth and fufillment
evolutionary perspective
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
cognitive perspective
how we encode process store and retrieve information
biological perspective
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
behavioral perspective
how we learn observable responses
each perspective is helpful but
by itself can fail to see the whole picture
psychohistory
the study of people’s historical motivationso
psycholinguistics
the study of language and thinking
psychoceramics
the study of crackpots
testing effect
enhanced memory after retriving rather than simply rereading
SQ3R
a study method incorporating 5 steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review
psychometrics
the study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
developmental psychology
studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb
education psychology
studying influences on teaching and learning
personality psychology
invesitgating our persistent traits
social psychologists
exploring how we view and affect one another
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
human factors psychology
explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
industrial organization psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
dorothea dix
pioneer in therapy and mental health reform
