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history and systems (modules 1,2,3) Flashcards

1
Q

science

A

a passion to explore and understand without misleading or being misled

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2
Q

curiosity

A

when put to the test, can it’s predictions be confirmed? does it work?

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3
Q

skepticism

A

doubt as to the truth of something
- how do you know?
-what do you mean?

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4
Q

humility

A

being willing to be surprised and is open to new ideas

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5
Q

the three aspects of scientific attitude

A

curiosity, skepticism, humility

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6
Q

critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

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7
Q

socrates and plato

A

-concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues on after death
-believed knowledge was innate

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8
Q

aristotle’s perspective

A

believed that knowledge is NOT pre-existing and instead grows from our experiences

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9
Q

renes descartes

A

-supported existence of innate knowledge
-believed animal spirits lived in our brain cavities and that they travel through nerves to muscles to promote movement

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10
Q

francis bacon

A

-one of the founders of modern science
-believed the human understanding easily supposes a greater degree of order and equality in things than it really finds

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11
Q

empiricism

A

-the idea that knowledge comes from experience
-observation and experimentation enable knowledge

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12
Q

john locke

A

-british political philosopher who proposed the idea that the mind at birth is a “blank slate”
-an essay concerning human understanding

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13
Q

wilhem wundt

A

created the world’s first psychological laboratory at university of leipzig

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14
Q

structuralism

A

-proposed by wundt and titchener
-introspection is used to reveal the structure of the human mind

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15
Q

edward bradford titchener

A

-student of wundt who introduced structuralism at cornell university

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16
Q

introspection

A

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological

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17
Q

functionalism

A

-proposed by william james and influenced by darwin
-explored how mental and behavioral processes functions and how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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18
Q

william james

A

-believed it would be fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings
-believed feeling is adaptive

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19
Q

mary whiton calkins

A

first woman to be president of the APA

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20
Q

margaret floy washburn

A

received the first official female psychology phd

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21
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology
-should be an objective science
-studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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22
Q

john b watson

A

championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior
-showed that fear could be learned in the little albert experiment

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23
Q

b.f. skinner

A

-behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consuqences shape behavior

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24
Q

sigmund freud

A

controversial figure who proposed theory of personality and the idea of unconscious sexual conflicts

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25
psychoanalytic psychology
emphasizes the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affct our behavior
26
humanistic psychology
emphasiez human growth potentional
27
carl rogers and abraham maslow
humanistic psychologists who found behaviorism and freudian psychology too limiting
28
cognitive psychology
the study of mental processes, such as those that occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems
29
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciniplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition
30
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
31
ivan pavlov
pioneered the study of learning
32
jean piaget
the last century's most influential observer of children
33
contemporary psychology is inluenced by
our understanding of biology and experience, culture and gender, and human flourishing
34
natural selection
the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism's survival are more likely to be passed down
35
nature-nurture issue
the debate over whether your genes or experiences shape behavior and psychological traits
36
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection
37
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors
38
in contemporary science the nature-nurture tension dissolves because
nurture works on what nature provides
39
every psychological event is simualtanouesly a biologicla event
this means depression oculd be both a brain and thought disorder
40
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted form one generation to the next
41
even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary by gender or across cultures...
the underlying processes are much the same
42
positive psychology
-the study of human flourishing -with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help communities and indivuals thrive
43
biopsychosocial approach
and integrated approach the combines biological, psychological, and socio-cultural viewpoints
44
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning
45
biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes
46
psychodynamic perspective
behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
47
social cultural perspective
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
48
humanistic persepctive
how we achieve personal growth and fufillment
49
evolutionary perspective
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
50
cognitive perspective
how we encode process store and retrieve information
51
biological perspective
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
52
behavioral perspective
how we learn observable responses
53
each perspective is helpful but
by itself can fail to see the whole picture
54
psychohistory
the study of people's historical motivationso
55
psycholinguistics
the study of language and thinking
56
psychoceramics
the study of crackpots
57
testing effect
enhanced memory after retriving rather than simply rereading
58
SQ3R
a study method incorporating 5 steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review
59
psychometrics
the study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
60
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
61
developmental psychology
studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb
62
education psychology
studying influences on teaching and learning
63
personality psychology
invesitgating our persistent traits
64
social psychologists
exploring how we view and affect one another
65
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
66
human factors psychology
explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
67
industrial organization psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior
68
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being
69
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders
70
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
71
dorothea dix
pioneer in therapy and mental health reform

ap psych (13 decks)

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