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social psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

the study of psychology within the context of social or interpersonal interactions

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2
Q

social identities

A

identities placed upon individuals by others

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3
Q

personal identities

A

identities individuals form themselves

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4
Q

culture

A

a common set of beliefs, behaviors, and values passed through generations

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5
Q

intersectionality

A

when an individual has overlapping identities

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6
Q

primary group

A

the closest group that individuals create with one another
-family and close friends

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7
Q

secondary group

A

groups of friend and acquaintances who have shared values/interests

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8
Q

in-groups

A

“us” - individuals we share an identity with

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9
Q

out-groups

A

“them” - those we do not share an identity with and view as separate from “us”

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10
Q

ethnocentrism

A

holding the belief that one’s own in-group is better than those of another’s

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11
Q

cultural relativism

A

idea that the beliefs of one’s in-group may be different than those of another, but that they are not necessarily better or worse

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12
Q

assimilation

A

the process of adopting ones culture to fit in with an in-group

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13
Q

culture shock

A

the way in which behaviors can be seen differently across cultures

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14
Q

cultural lag

A

the time it takes for cultures to catch up to technological innovations or practices

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15
Q

multiculturalism

A

when individuals keep elements of their own culture and take on elements from their new culture

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16
Q

role conflict

A

when two or more roles are at odds with each other

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17
Q

role strain

A

strain being caused by multiple goals/responsibilties within a singular role

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18
Q

role exit

A

occurs when a person leaves behind a role to take on another

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19
Q

social institutions

A

designed to promote and transmit social norms to members through a variety of constructs
ex: family, religion, government, school, etc

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20
Q

institutionalized discrimination

A

unfair treatment of certain groups by organizations

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21
Q

availability

A

whether or not something exists for a person to use

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22
Q

accessibility

A

whether or not a person can actually use the resources available to them

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23
Q

irving jarvis

A

coined the term “group think”

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24
Q

groupthink

A

when group harmony is prioritized over the better judgment of the group

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25
mindguard
someone in the group who critcizies or ostracizes members of the group who disagree with the rest
26
social facilitation
when performance increases in the presence of others -easy tasks due to the high arousal
27
social inhibition
when performance decreases in the presence of others
28
social loafing
reduced effort group members put into a shared task due to sheer size of the group -(no one works on the group project)
29
group polarization
group's opinions and actions become more extreme than if they were individual -being around people who agree with you strengthens opinions
30
peer pressure
when an individual feels unduly influenced by their peers to engage in behaviors they otherwise would not
31
GRIT
graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction
32
dispositional attribution
assumes the cause of behavior/outcome is internal
33
situational attribution
assumes the cause of behavior/outcome is external
34
self-serving bias
sees the cause of actions as internal when positive outcomes and sees them as external when there's negative outcomes
35
fundamental attribution error
the tendency when judging others to overestimate dispositional attributes and underestimate situational attributes
36
self-fulfilling prophecy
having expectations about an individual that influences your behavior towards them, which in turn influences the way the individual behaves toward you.
37
rosenthal effect
self fufilling prophecy in educational settings
38
interpersonal attraction
the tendency to positively evaluate a person and then to gravitate toward that person
39
positive evalutation
we like to be positively evaluated and therefore like to prefer the company of those who hold us in a higher regard
40
shared opinions are the basis for
interpersonal attraction
41
deindividuation
tendency to lose one's self control in a mob mentality
42
mere exposure effect
the idea we become more fond of things we have been repeated exposed to
43
conformity
the modification of behavior to make it agree with that of a group
44
compliance
the propensity to abide by the requests of others even at the expense of your own interests
45
solomon asch
performed asch-line experiment
46
reciprocity
creating the appearance that you are giving someone something order to induce that person to comply with your wishes
47
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
making small request followed by a big request
48
door-in-the-face phenomenon
making a big request followed by a small request
49
inoculation hypothesis
when someone has been exposed to a weak argument and is inoculated to further attempts to get them to comply
50
psychological reactance
when someone feels that they are being forced against their own will
51
why do people resist complience
-psychological reactance -inoculation
52
obedience
listening to orders from someone in a position of authority
53
stanley milgram
performed milgram shock experiment
54
leon festinger
studied cognitive dissonance and came to the conclusion that people are likely to alter their attitudes to fit their behavior
55
attitude
a combination of affective/emotional and cognitive/perceptual reactions to stimuli
56
cognitive dissonance
occurs when attitudes and behaviors contradict each other
57
persuasion
the process by which a person or group can influence the attitudes of others
58
elaboration likelihood model
more likely to elaborate and use central route if we like the thing of interest
59
message characteristics
the features of the message such as logic and key points in the argument
60
source characteristics
the person or group delivering the message's characteristics such as expertise, knowledge, and trustworthiness
61
target characteristics
characteristics of person receiving the message like intelligence, mood, self esteem
62
central route
the content of the argument and key points
63
peripheral route
focusing on superficial or secondary characteristics
64
altruism
the self sacrificing regard for putting others first
65
bystander effect
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
66
diffusion of responsibility
passing on responsibility to others when in a group setting
67
equity theory
proposes a view whereby workers compare their efforts and rewards
68
human factors research
focuses on improving human-machine interaction
69
hawthorne effect
workers being monitored for any reason work more efficiently and productively
70
antisocial behavior
behavior that is harmful to society or others
71
prejudice
a negative attitude toward members of a particular group without evidentiary backing
72
aggression
behavior directed towards another with the intention of causing harm
73
discrimination
taking action based on prejudiced views
74
stereotypes
our mental prototypes of people
75
outgroup homogenity
idea that every member of a group other than our own is similar
76
illusory correlation
seeing a relationship between two things that doesn't exist
77
hostile aggression
emotional and impulsive sourced by pain and stress
78
instrumental aggression
aggression committed to gain something of value
79
contact hypothesis
groups with stereotypes about each other would lose these stereotypes if they met each other
80
albert bandura
demonstrated that aggression is a strongly learned behavior
81
dehumanization
viewing the victims of violence as less than human
82
Philip zimbardo
performed standford prison experiment
83
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
84
Mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
85
Social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
86
Social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
87
Social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
88
Frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression
89
Halo Effect
desirable personality traits are ascribed to people we deem to be attract.
90
Passionate love
physical arousal + cognitive appraisal
91
Compassionate love
deep affectionate attachment
92
Scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
93
Upward Social Comparison
occurs when people compare themselves to someone they perceive to be superior
94
Downward Social Comparison
is defined by making a comparison with someone perceived to be inferior
95
confirmation bias
the tendency of individuals to support or search for information that aligns with their opinions and ignore information that doesn't

ap psych (13 decks)

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