State and globalisation II Flashcards
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Liberals and globalisation
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- They see globalisation as the positive end product of a long-running transformation of world politics - states are no longer central actors because of the increased interconnectedness between societies
- Political globalisation also offers states and non-state acotrs opportunities to work together to solve collective dilemmas
- Argue that global trade binds countries into mutually beneficial relationships which render wars no longer beneficial. China largest supplier of goods to US in 2017, 3rd largest export market for them - two way trade between them worth 635B
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Realists and globalisation
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- Does not alter the territorial division of the world into nation states
- Increased interconnedness might make them more dependent, the same cannot be said about the states-system - powerful states retain sovereignty and globalisation does not render obsolete the struggle for political power between those states
- The nation states should act in the interests of its citizens in a dangerous and anarchich world and any attempts to pretend all nations have the same interests are dangerously idealisitic and ultimately self-defeating - pooled sov undermined state sov
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Hyper-globalisers
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- Globalisation is creating a revolutionary shift in the structures of global power which will ultimately make the nation state obsolete
- Believe in the emergence of ‘post-sovereign governance’ suggesting the rise of globalisation is inevitabely marked by the decline of the state (becoming hollowed out as said by Bobbitt) as a meaningful actor - will lead to world governance
- Economic governance has been so great it makes the state primarily a depot through which global trade and capital flows
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2
Globalisation Sceptics
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- They question how new the idea of globalisation really is, as well as expressing sceptisim about whether it really has challenged the authority of the state
- Modern globalisation is equally open to scepticism - failure fo states to reach a comprehensive global trade deal in Doha Round in WTO summit in 2015 and May’s commitment to post-Brexit immigration despite econ risks of restricting EU migration - states are not bound by econ forces beyond their control
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Transformationalists
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- Acknowledge that globalisation has had a significant impact on state sovereignty - emphasise the totality of it, econ, pol and cultural developments have fundamentally altered the way states must conduct themselves in an increasingly interconnected world
- BUT does not agree that this signifies decline of the state - state is continually adapting to changing circumstances and influence of World Bank and IMF can be used as a negotiating tool
- State sov may even be enhanced by globalisation - economic decisions of individual state gov worldwide significance
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3
Transformationalists and the internet
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- Crimea and Ukraine - political statements to divide democracies - DonBas - pro-Russian messages - support base
- US elections - 2016 Russian involvement in publication of Hillary emails
- Twitter Bots - Russian report in Whitehall on Brexit - more divison between sides (maybe Trump 2024?)
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Economic globalisation summary
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- Dramatic increase in global tarde - multinational companies with global reach, shipping, lower tarrifs
- Relationship between production and consumption changed - takes place in lower wage countries, migration easier
- Impacted cultural globalisation - less diversity, not good for environment, 800M people from China lifted from poverty
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4
Economic globalisation as a force for good
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- Some argue that it has done more than any other global political force or event to reduce world poverty
- Has been cited by its supporters as the surest way of reducing poverty and narrowing inequality - positive sum game
- 2 main strategies are import substitution and export-orientated development, range of indsutries targeted that they believe cna successfully compete
- Challenge the idea that TNCs are the enemies of the South and a threat to global justice - employment opp, better wages, training and invest, modern tech, if within country inequality grows as the rich get richer, the important thing is that not that the poor keep up, but that they become less poor
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Economic globalisation stats
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- Greater trade - gross world production dramatically increased - 2000 - 41, 016 tr, to 2014 - 77, 868 tr
- According to World Bank - 1980 - 1.9B to 2024 700 M living in extreme poverty
10
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2
Globalisation and the consumer
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- ‘Ringing Bells Freedom 251’ phone that costs 2.99$
- 97% of UK households own a TV - 27.3M
11
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Increased conflict and competition
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Pessimists fret about how to cope with our ‘flat, hot and crowded’ planet - may lead to transnational cooperation, but instead to cutthroat competition over resources - inegretaed single society may cause emnity, not amnity
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Protectionist backlash
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- Because the benefits will not be distributed equally, globalisation will likely generate conflict between winners and losers - Neorealist theorist Kenneth Waltz says ‘interdependence promotes war as well as peace’
- Under conditions of fierce competition, scarcity and resurgent nationalism, the temptation to seek isolation from the assault of globalisation on national autonomy by creating barriers to trade and other transactions may be irresistible
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2
World systems theory
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- Immanuel Wallerstein
- Globalisation channels benefits to the North at the expense of the agricultural, poorer South, helping to maintain if not increase between-country inequality - ‘neo-colonialism’
14
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Imbalances of trade
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Between-countries inequalities are exacerbated by the tendencies implicit in the global trading system and particularly the principle of free trade
15
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2
Lack of job security
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Global capitalism seeks the cheapest workforce, it also undermines the long term-security of workers around the world - thinking back to Burberry, TNCs can simply withdraw their factories from countries in which labour costs have risen too highly
2016 Trump said globalisation ‘left millions of our workers with nothing but poverty and heartache’ and spoke of ‘American carnage’
16
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Destruction of rural communities and the environment
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The advance of globalisation has been associated with growing rural poverty and widening of rural-urban disparities - rural areas account for 3/4 of people living on less than 1$ a day
17
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3
Greater inequality
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- Fostered within-country inequality, widening the gap between rich and poor
- China - poorest 25% of people own 1% of wealth, and top 1% own 1/3rds of the wealth
- Trickle down economic as expressed by Norberg is not working
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2
Democratic deficit
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- Econ globalisation is increasingly orchestrated by unnaccountable and unelected intergovernmental institutions like IMF, WB and WTO - free market trade reforms damage the interests of the poorest, yet no democratic means to counter them - far-removed populations
- IMF - each country’s voting power reflects its quotas- broadly determoned by economic size and financial contributions. US holds 17.55%, de facto veto
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A race to the bottom
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- Corporate power has thus become stronger as buisnesses have been able to exert increased political leverage through their ability to relocate inestment and production
- The emergence of a more open and competitive economy has forced all states to some extent, to deregulate their economies and restructure tax systems whilst also rolling back welfare and redistributive programmes - developing countries cut corners to attract businesses
20
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‘The Corporation’ expolitation of workers
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- Takes a Nike worker in El Salvador 6.6 minutes to make a shirt for 8 cents - 1% of retail price
- According to Naomi Klein, free trade zone workers have to keep giving incetive for countries to work in their ‘denationalised’ pocket - workers rarely have enough money for 3 meals a day
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3
‘The Corporation’ harm to health and humans, animals and the environment
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- Synthetic chemicals produce cancer and birth defects
- Monsato gave chronic diseases in hearts, kidney and spleen for cows with its BST in USA - unecessary
- Fines given to companies include Exxon - 125M, General Electric - 9.5M - cost effective
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‘The Corporation’ tyranny
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- Inter-generational - a form of taxation without representation for younger generations
- Nigerian Ken Siro Wira was hung for opposing Shell’s environmental policies
23
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Global sceptic references
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- 1870-1913 dramatic advancements in telegraphic communications
- Role of Royal Navy in policing the world’s sea lanes
- Free trade liberalism
24
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China case study
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- In 1980, a year after China began its market reforms to move from communism to a more open economy, 84% of China lived in extreme poverty, this has decreased by 12% by 2010
- 2015 - exports from China amoutned to 2.282 tr $ - increase of 20.2% since 2011
