Ideologies quick notes Flashcards
1
Q
Key Conservative takeaways
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- Conservatism emphasizes pragmatism, tradition, and human imperfection.
- Different strands of conservatism (traditional, One Nation, New Right) have varying views on the state, economy, and society.
- The New Right, influenced by neoliberalism and neoconservatism, diverges significantly from traditional conservative principles.
- Key thinkers like Burke, Disraeli, and Thatcher have shaped the evolution of conservative thought.
2
Q
Traditional Conservatism
Principles:
A
- Pragmatism: Emphasizes practical experience over abstract theories.
- Tradition: Values the accumulated wisdom of the past.
- Property: Sees property ownership as essential for stability.
- Hierarchy and Authority: Considers social hierarchy as natural and necessary.
- Organic Society: Views society as evolving organically, like a plant.
- Human Imperfection: Acknowledges human fallibility and limitations.
2
Q
Emergence of Conservatism
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- Context: Emerged as a response to the French Revolution, opposing its emphasis on liberty, equality, and fraternity.
- Key Figure: Edmund Burke: Articulated the foundations of conservatism in his Reflections on the Revolution in France, advocating for the preservation of established institutions, social hierarchy, and gradual change.
3
Q
19th-Century Implementation of Traditional Conservatism
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- Support for monarchy and the Church of England.
- Opposition to the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829.
- Emphasis on law and order (e.g., Robert Peel’s Metropolitan Police Service).
- Initially opposed the 1832 Reform Act.
- Key Thinker: Michael Oakeshott: Restated traditional conservative principles in the mid-20th century, emphasizing pragmatism and the importance of tradition.
4
Q
One Nation Conservatism
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- Development: Emerged in the mid-to-late 19th century in response to industrialization and the rise of socialism.
- Key Figure: Benjamin Disraeli: A key figure in the development of one nation conservatism.
Principles:
- Paternalism: The upper classes have a moral responsibility to care for the less fortunate.
- National Unity: Emphasizes a cohesive society and patriotism.
- Changing to Conserve: Recognizes the need for some reform to maintain tradition.
- 19th-Century Implementation: Social reforms under Disraeli (e.g., Public Health Act, Factory Act) and introduction of income tax.
- 20th-Century Implementation: Acceptance of the mixed economy, welfare state, and nationalization, recognizing the need to adapt to changing social and political contexts.
5
Q
The New Right
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- Emergence: Emerged in the 1970s, reacting against what it perceived as excessive concessions to socialist policies.
- Key Figures: Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan: Associated with the New Right.
Ideology: A combination of neoliberalism and neoconservatism. - Neoliberalism: Advocates for minimal state intervention in the economy, free markets, and individual enterprise.
- Neoconservatism: Focuses on traditional values, strong national defense, and law and order.
5
Q
The New Right Rejection of Conservative Principles:
A
- Atomism: Views society as a collection of individuals rather than an organic whole.
- Rejection of hierarchy and paternalism.
- Emphasis on individual freedom and meritocracy.
- Key Thinkers: Ayn Rand and Robert Nozick:
Ayn Rand: Promoted objectivism, emphasizing rational self-interest.
Robert Nozick: Advocated for libertarianism, emphasizing individual rights and minimal state intervention. - Thatcher’s Government (Case Study):
Neoliberalism: Privatization, deregulation, reduced taxation, and the right-to-buy scheme.
Neoconservatism: Prioritized defense and law and order, and promoted traditional values.
6
Q
Core Principles and Ideas
A
- Pragmatism:
Traditional and One Nation conservatives emphasize making decisions based on what works.
The New Right often rejects pragmatism, prioritizing ideology. - Tradition:
Conservatives value tradition as the accumulated wisdom of the past.
The New Right’s approach to tradition varies, with some supporting traditional values and others being driven by ideology. - Paternalism and Hierarchy:
Traditional conservatives have an authoritarian approach.
One Nation conservatives support paternalism and the idea that the state should care for the less privileged.
The New Right rejects paternalism and hierarchy. - Capitalism and Property:
Conservatives support capitalism and property rights.
Traditional and One Nation conservatives see capitalism as a pragmatic system.
The New Right supports capitalism due to its emphasis on individual freedom. - Organic Society:
Traditional and One Nation conservatives support an organic view of society.
The New Right promotes atomism. - Human Imperfection:
Conservatives believe humans are flawed and need guidance.
The New Right rejects this pessimistic view, viewing humans as rational. - State’s Role: Order and Security:
All strands agree that the state should provide order and security.
6
Q
Evaluation: Agreement vs. Disagreement
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- Argument for More Disagreement: The New Right fundamentally rejects key conservative principles.
- Argument for More Agreement: Significant agreement exists, particularly between traditional and One Nation conservatives.
7
Q
Conservatism Key Thinkers
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- Thomas Hobbes: Preceded conservatism, but his ideas on human nature and the state influenced conservative thought.
- Edmund Burke: The father of conservatism, emphasizing tradition, empiricism, and gradual change.
- Benjamin Disraeli: A key figure in one nation conservatism, emphasizing paternalism and national unity.
- Michael Oakeshott: Restated traditional conservative views, emphasizing pragmatism and tradition.
- Ayn Rand: Advocated for neoliberalism, promoting objectivism and individual freedom.
- Robert Nozick: Advocated for libertarianism, emphasizing individual rights and minimal state intervention.
8
Q
Main liberalism content
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- The Evolution of Liberalism
Origins: Liberalism has its origins in the Enlightenment of the 17th century, emphasizing reason over faith, challenging hierarchies and theocracy. - Classical Liberalism:
Early Classical Liberalism: John Locke was a key figure in advocating for natural rights, liberty, and limited government. - Response to the Industrial Revolution: In response to the social and economic changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, some adhered to classical liberalism, while others advocated change.
- Modern Liberalism:
Early Modern Liberalism: Emphasizing positive freedom, the belief that the state should actively address the inequalities brought about by industrialization and free-market capitalism.
Keynesianism: Keynes advocated state intervention in the economy in response to economic cycles. - Mid- and Late-Modern Liberalism: Thinkers such as John Rawls and Betty Friedan emphasized constitutional reform, social liberalism, and the welfare state.
- Neoliberalism: Emerged at the end of the 20th century and advocated a return to classical liberal principles, but was seen as part of conservatism, rather than liberalism.
8
Q
Liberalism key takeaways
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- Liberalism emphasizes individualism, freedom, rationalism, equality, and social justice.
- Classical liberalism focuses on negative freedom, limited government, and free-market capitalism.
- Modern liberalism advocates positive freedom, a welfare state, and state intervention to promote equality.
- There are different views within liberalism about the role of the state, the economy, and freedom.
8
Q
Key principles and agreements of liberalism
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- Individualism: Emphasizing the value and rights of the individual over the collective.
Classical liberalism: Individualism that focuses on selfishness, believing that the pursuit of self-interest by individuals will ultimately benefit society.
Modern liberalism: Advocates developmental individualism, which believes that individuals need support to develop fully. - Freedom: Emphasizes the individual’s right to think, act, and make decisions without undue interference.
- Classical liberalism: Emphasizes negative freedom, i.e., freedom from state interference.
- Modern liberalism: Emphasizes positive freedom, the ability to realize one’s potential.
- Rationalism: The belief that humans are rational and logical and capable of making rational decisions.
- Progress: Optimistic belief that humans can shape social progress through rationality and autonomy.
- Capitalism and private property: Liberalism supports capitalism and believes that economic freedom is essential to individual freedom.
Classical liberalism: Supports laissez-faire capitalism with minimal government intervention.
Modern liberalism: Support Keynesianism and empower the state, state intervention to promote equality. - State: Liberals believe that the state is necessary but potentially evil and therefore should be limited.
Classical Liberalism: Supports the night guard state, i.e. the government has a limited role.
Modern Liberalism: Support for the empowerment of the state, i.e., the government actively promotes social welfare. - Equality and Social Justice: Emphasizing that all individuals have equal value and should be treated fairly and fairly.
Classical liberalism: Emphasizes formal equality and meritocracy.
Modern liberalism: Supports formal equality, but advocates for state action to promote real equality of opportunity. - Natural Rights and Society: Belief that individuals have birthright.
- Tolerance: Believes that a just society must be inclusive and protective of all beliefs, lifestyles, and identities.
- Liberal Democracy: The belief that the government should represent the will of the people through elections, but should be limited in order to protect civil liberties.
9
Q
Liberal tensions and divisions
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- State: Classical liberalism supports the night guard state, while modern liberalism supports the empowered state.
- Economy: Classical liberalism supports laissez-faire capitalism, while modern liberalism supports Keynesianism and empowering the state.
- Social: Classical liberalism focuses on negative freedom, while modern liberalism focuses on positive freedom; Classical liberalism focuses on selfish individualism, while modern liberalism focuses on developmental individualism; Classical liberalism supports formal equality, while modern liberalism believes that equality of opportunity should be promoted.
- Human Nature: Classical liberalism believes in selfish individualism and negative freedom, while modern liberalism believes that human beings need support to achieve positive freedom.
10
Q
Liberal thinkers
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- John Locke (classical liberalism): Advocates of natural rights, limited government, and social contract theory.
- Mary Wollstonecraft (Classical Liberalism): Advocates for women’s rationality, formal equality, and educational opportunity.
- John Stuart Mill (Transitional Liberalism): Emphasis on the principle of harm, representative democracy, and developmental individualism.
- John Rawls (Modern Liberalism): Proposed a theory of justice that supports the empowerment of the state in order to achieve justice and fairness.
- Betty Friedan (Modern Liberalism): Emphasizes legal equality, equal opportunity for women, and calls for state intervention to remove barriers.
- Adam Smith (classical liberalism): Advocated free-market capitalism, believing that the “invisible hand” promotes economic prosperity and social well-being.
- Samuel Smiles (classical liberalism): Emphasizes self-help, believing that individuals can improve their lives through hard work.
- Herbert Spencer (Classical Liberalism): Advocates social Darwinism, arguing that the least amount of government intervention can lead to social evolution.
- T.H. Green (Modern Liberalism): Advocates positive freedom, believing that the state has a responsibility to create conditions for personal development.
- John Maynard Keynes (Modern Liberalism): Advocated Keynesian economics, arguing that state intervention could stabilize the economy
11
Q
Key Socialism takeaways
A
- Socialism emerged in the 19th century as a response to the Industrial Revolution and the inequalities of capitalism.
- Revolutionary socialists like Marx and Engels advocated for a violent revolution by the working class to establish a communist society.
- Evolutionary socialism, including social democracy and the Third Way, emerged, advocating for achieving socialism through democratic processes and reform.
- Key socialist principles include collectivism, common humanity, equality, social class, workers’ control, and opposition to capitalism.
- Different strands of socialism have varying views on the extent of state intervention, workers’ control, and the role of capitalism.
12
Q
Emergence of Socialism
A
- Socialism emerged in the 19th century as a response to the Industrial Revolution.
- The Industrial Revolution led to class divisions and economic inequalities.
- Early socialists criticized capitalism for exploiting the working class.
- They advocated for a new system with equality through wealth redistribution and worker control.
13
Q
Strands of Socialism and terms
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- Revolutionary Socialism: Advocated by Marx and Engels, emphasizing revolution and communism
- Evolutionary Socialism/Democratic Socialism/Revisionism: Socialism through democratic processes and reforms.
- Social Democracy: Socialism within a capitalist system
- The Third Way: A middle ground between capitalism and social democracy.
14
Q
Key Socialism for society terms
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- Revolution: The proletariat (working class) seizes control
- Evolutionary Methods: Gradual change through democratic processes.
- Rejection of Revolution: Socialism can be achieved through democratic means.
15
Q
Key Principles of Socialism
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- Collectivism: Collective action is more valuable than individual effort.
- Common Humanity: Humans are social, cooperative, and rational.
- Equality: Economic inequality is unfair, and the state should intervene.
- Social Class: Class exploitation is inherent in capitalism.
- Workers’ Control: Workers should control the workplace and economic decision-making.
Opposition to Capitalism: Deeply opposed to capitalism.
15
Q
Key socialism for economy terms
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- Historical Materialism: Societal development through stages of economic development.
- Capitalism: Creates class oppression and inequalities.
- Communism: Classless, stateless society with communal ownership.
- Globalization: Free market capitalism for economic growth.
- State Role: Promoting principles within the market.
16
Q
Socialism Agreements and Disagreements
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- State: Agreement on state intervention, disagreement on the extent and control.
- Economy: Agreement on capitalism’s flaws, disagreements on its management or eradication.
- Society: Agreement on pursuing equality, disagreements on collectivism, and class.
- Human Nature: Agreement on common humanity, disagreements on its realization within capitalism.
More Disagreement: Revolutionary socialism vs. Third Way.
More Agreement: Shared belief in equality and capitalism’s flaws.
17
Q
Key Thinkers
A
- Marx and Engels: Foundations of socialist thought.
- Key Ideas: Class struggle, historical materialism, revolution, communism.
- Beatrice Webb: Inevitability of gradualness, socialism through democracy.
- Rosa Luxemburg: Rejected evolutionary socialism, emphasized working-class revolution.
- Anthony Crosland: Socialism within a capitalist framework, equality of opportunity.
- Anthony Giddens: Third Way, individual empowerment, and equality of opportunity.
18
Q
5
Key tiggsy Feminism Takeaways
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- Historical Development: Feminism has evolved through different waves (liberal, socialist, radical, postmodern), each with distinct focuses and goals.
- Key Principles: Core concepts include patriarchy, the personal is political, sex and gender, equality vs. difference, and intersectionality.
- Strands of Feminism: Liberal, socialist, radical, and postmodern feminisms offer varying approaches to achieving gender equality.
- Thinkers: Key thinkers include Mary Wollstonecraft, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, Kate Millett, Sheila Rowbotham, and bell hooks.
- tiggsy said all this
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Introduction to Feminism
- Feminism aims to promote equality and emancipation for women, challenging societal structures that oppress and discriminate against them.
- Feminism gained prominence during the Enlightenment period, with liberals advocating for women's rights.
- The metaphor of "waves" describes the movement's evolving nature, with each wave addressing specific social and political contexts.
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Development of Feminism Through Time
- First Wave (late 19th - early 20th centuries): Focused on legal equality, including suffrage and property rights. Primarily associated with liberal feminism.
- Second Wave (1960s-1980s): Expanded the debate to a wider range of issues, including sexuality, family, and reproductive rights. Radical feminism was central, with the slogan "the personal is political." Betty Friedan also key to this wave.
- Third Wave (early 1990s): Focused on diversity and intersectionality, emphasizing how women's lives intersect with factors like race, class, and sexual orientation. Associated with postmodern feminism.
- Fourth Wave (2010s): Defined by the use of social media for advocacy and mobilization. Focused on combating sexual harassment and other forms of gender inequality (e.g., the MeToo movement).
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Different Types of Feminism
- Liberal Feminism: Based on liberal ideas of freedom, individual rights, and equality. Focuses on achieving gender equality through legal and political reforms in the public sphere. (e.g., suffrage, education, equal pay). Mary Wollstonecraft and Betty Friedan are key thinkers.
- Socialist Feminism: Links gender inequality to capitalism, arguing that overthrowing capitalism is necessary for women's liberation. Later socialist feminists recognize that capitalism is not the only cause. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Sheila Rowbotham are key thinkers.
- Radical Feminism: Views society as fundamentally patriarchal. Advocates for fundamental transformations to eliminate patriarchal oppression in both public and private spheres. Key ideas include "the personal is political," the importance of women's control over their bodies, and the need for a fundamental restructuring of society. Kate Millett is a key thinker.
- Postmodern Feminism: Critiques the idea of a single, unified experience of womanhood. Emphasizes intersectionality and the diversity of women's experiences. Bell hooks is a key thinker.
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Key Principles of Feminism
- Gender Inequality: All feminists agree on the goal of tackling gender inequality, but they disagree on how to achieve it.
- Sex and Gender: Feminists challenge the belief that gender roles are natural, arguing that gender is socially constructed. The distinction between sex and gender is crucial. (Simone de Beauvoir).
- The Personal is Political: Radical feminists emphasize that issues within the private sphere (e.g., domestic labor, sexual violence) are political and need to be addressed.
- Intersectionality: Postmodern feminists highlight how the oppression of women intersects with other social categorizations (race, class, gender, sexuality). Bell hooks.
- Patriarchy: Radical feminists view patriarchy as a pervasive social structure where men hold authority and control over women. (Sylvia Walby's six structures of patriarchy: the household, paid work, the state, violence, sexuality, and culture).
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Equality vs. Difference Feminism:
- Equality Feminism: (Most feminists) believe that biological differences are insignificant and that gender differences are determined by societal conditioning.
- Difference Feminism: (Some feminists) believe that men and women have fundamentally different, biologically determined natures.
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Feminism State, Society, Economy, Human Nature
- State: Agreement that the state should promote gender equality, but disagreement on whether the state and public sphere should be the focus.
- Economy: Agreement that the economy upholds gender inequality, but disagreement on whether the existing economy needs to be fundamentally transformed.
- Society: Agreement that society is defined by gender inequality, but disagreement on how radically society needs to be transformed.
- Human Nature: Agreement that human nature and gender roles are socially, not biologically, determined, with some tensions with difference feminism.
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Arguments on to What Extent Feminists Agree
- More Agreement: All feminists share a critique of gender inequality and recognize that gender is socially determined. They agree on the importance of women's unpaid domestic labor.
- More Disagreement: Differences exist in their analysis of women's oppression and the solutions they propose. These differences include their view of patriarchy, their focus on the private vs. public spheres, and their views on the importance of capitalism.
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Feminism thinkers
- Mary Wollstonecraft: (Liberal Feminist) Advocated for equal rights and education for women.
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman: (Socialist Feminist) Linked women's oppression to capitalism and advocated for the communalization of domestic work.
- Simone de Beauvoir: (Existentialist Feminist) Focused on the distinction between sex and gender and the concept of "otherness."
- Betty Friedan: (Liberal Feminist) Challenged the idea of women's fulfillment solely through domestic roles.
- Kate Millett: (Radical Feminist) Argued that the traditional family structure is patriarchal and that culture upholds patriarchy.
- Sheila Rowbotham: (Socialist Feminist) Argued that capitalism and sexism are closely linked and that revolution is needed.
- bell hooks: (Postmodern/Intersectional Feminist) Advocated for an intersectional approach, emphasizing solidarity to challenge intersecting oppressions.
