Spotlight A: Diabetes

Question 1

What two hormones are secreted by the pancreas

Answer 1

Glucagon: Releases stored glycogen as glucose (raises blood sugar)

Insulin: lowers blood sugar

Question 2

Define glycemic index

Answer 2

Ranks food on a scale from 1 to 100 based on their effect in blood-sugar levels

Question 3

What are resistant starches?

Answer 3

“Trapped” within the structure of the food particles
Difficult to digest
A non-digestible starch

Question 4

Define prediabetes

Answer 4

Increased risk for Type 2, heart disease and stroke

Treatment: Lifestyle strategies, weight control, physical activity, dietary modifications

Question 5

Define Type 1 diabetes

Answer 5

Autoimmune disease

• Destroys insulin producing cells in pancreas
• Causes hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
• fatty acids are released from adipose tissues to use as energy but cannot be used in the brain

Can cause ketoacidotic coma

Question 6

Define type 2 diabetes

Answer 6

Cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin (even if pancreas produces insulin)

Risk factors: Obesity, low physical activity, genetics and lifestyle

Most common type of diabetes

Question 7

Diabetes symptoms

Answer 7

• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Kidneys excrete the extra glucose through the urine

Question 8

Medication treatment for diabetes

Answer 8

Insulin (injection or pump)

Meter: glucose monitoring

Track food choices and activity

Question 9

Type 2 treatment

Answer 9

Changes in diet
Increase physical activity
Maintain healthy body weight

Question 10

Diet for diabetes

Answer 10

• Count carbs
• Lower fat intake (less than 7% of total calories from saturated fats)
• Limit trans fats
• Increase physical activity (improves insulin sensitivity so you are more sensitive to insulin making it more effective)

Question 11

Complications of diabetes

Answer 11

Damage to:

• heart
• blood vessels
• kidneys
• eyes
• nerves

Question 12

Levels for prediabetes

Answer 12

Early insulin resistance

Fasting glucose = 100 to 125 mg/dL

Oral glucose tolerance test: 140 to 199 mg/dL

Question 13

Type 2 levels

Answer 13

Fasting: greater than 125 mg/dL

Oral glucose tolerance test: greater than 200 mg/dL

Question 14

Common words used for sugar on ingredients lists

Answer 14

Dextrose
Maltose
Sucrose
Fructose

Question 15

Identify sugar alcohols

Answer 15

Sorbitol
Mannitol
Xylitol

Can cause laxative effects in large amounts

Question 16

Why are sugar alcohols safe for teeth?

Answer 16

They kill bacteria the erode enamel