Chapter 3

Question 1

Define: Mechanical Digestion

Answer 1

Breakdown of food by mastication and mixing with digestive juices

Question 2

Define: Chemical digestion

Answer 2

Two types:
Enzymes: Protein molecules that speed up the rate at which a chemical reaction creates a new compound

Hormones: Chemical substances that serve as messengers

Question 3

Where are the two places chemical digestion take place?

Answer 3

Mouth: Saliva, amylase for carbs and lipase for fats

Stomach: Acids, proteases (protein) and lipase for fat

Question 4

Parts of the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 4

Mouth
Esophagus 
Stomach
Small intestines 
Large intestines (rectum and anus)

Question 5

Accessory organs to GI tract

Answer 5

Salivary glands (saliva, amylase and lipase to start digestion)
Liver (bile is produced)
Pancreas (releases bicarbonate)

Question 6

What is segmentation?

Answer 6

Circular muscles in the small intestines that contract to mix intestinal content

Question 7

What dies hydrochloric acid do?

Answer 7

Helps to digest or unfold proteins

Question 8

What suffix do enzymes end in?

Answer 8

ase

Peroxidase
Telomerase

Question 9

Three basic parts of digestion

Answer 9

Digesting (break down of food)
Absorption (nutrients and other substances are removed)
Excreted (eliminates waste)

Question 10

What is the small intestines

Answer 10

It is the primary organ for digestion and absorption

Question 11

What happens to the small intestines when someone is severely undernourished ?

Answer 11

They have less villi and microvilli to help with absorption

Question 12

What are the two circulatory fluids in the body?

Answer 12

Blood - transports carbs, amino acids, minerals and water soluble vitamins

and lymphatic system that transports fats

Question 13

What does the large intestines do?

Answer 13

Contains cecum, colon and rectum (no villi here)

Little digestion and absorption takes place here

Moves waste out of body

Question 14

Describe the process of absorption and transport of nutrients

Answer 14

Takes place in the small intestines

Villi and microvilli - trap nutrients and absorb

Three types of transport mechanisms:

• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Active transport

Circulatory system delivers nutrients

Question 15

What is a probiotic?

Answer 15

Beneficial bacteria

Founds naturally in fermented foods and dairy

Question 16

Define prebiotic

Answer 16

Food for the beneficial bacteria

In chicory, whole-grain rye, oats, wheat, barley, leeks, onion

Question 17

Food sources of pre and probiotics

Answer 17

Pre: Rye, wheat, beans, onions

Pro: Fermented food

Question 18

What is peristalsis?

Answer 18

Involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestines (wave like)

Question 19

What is the lower esophageal sphincter?

Answer 19

Bundle if muscles at the low end if the esophagus where it meets the stomach. Prevents acid from traveling backwards out of the stomach

Question 20

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 20

A ring of smooth muscle that connect the stomach and small intestines

Controls the passage of partially digested food and stomach

Question 21

Define and treat: Ulcers

Answer 21

Irritation or perforation of stomach or small intestinal wall caused by bacteria

Treatment: Medications

Question 22

Define and treat: Constipation

Answer 22

Difficulty or reduced frequency of still passage

Treatment: Increase fiber and water

Question 23

Define and treat: GERD

Answer 23

A worse form of Acid Reflux

Causes heartburn and regurgitation of food. Can cause erosion if the esophageal lining

Treatment: Medication, moderating alcohol, trans fats, spicy foods and tight clothing

Question 24

What is the end product of fats, carbs and protein?

Answer 24

Carbs- Sugar
Protein- Amino Acids
Fats- fatty acids and glycerol

Question 25

Define Celiac Disease

Answer 25

Autoimmune disease with a complete intolerance to gluten

Cannot eat Wheat, rye and barley

Question 26

Define IBD

Answer 26

Inflammatory bowel disease

Abnormal response to the body’s immune system: Chron’s
Affects lower part of small intestines: Ulcerative colitis

Question 27

Define Diverticular disease

Answer 27

Condition with small pouches or pockets in the wall or lining of any portion of the digestive tract