Ch. 4: Carbs

Question 1

What are the functions if carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Major fuel source for body
Provides glucose in blood
Source of fiber

Question 2

Name the three monosaccharides

Answer 2

Glucose, fructose snd galactose

Question 3

What monosaccharide gives fruit its intense sweetness?

Answer 3

Fructose

Question 4

What disaccharide is know as table sugar?

Answer 4

Sucrose

Question 5

List the three disaccharides and their food sources

Answer 5

Maltose: made from starch digestion but little in food sources

Sucrose: table sugar also found in fruits and vegetables

Lactose: mill sugar in milk, yogurt and other dairy products

Question 6

Oligosaccharides

Answer 6

Contains 3 to 10 linked monosaccharides

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

10 linked sugars

Question 8

3 types of polysaccharides

Answer 8

Aka Complex Carbohydrates

Starch, fiber and glycogen (storage type not in food)

Question 9

Food sources of complex carbohydrates (aka polysaccharides)

Answer 9

Grains, legumes and some vegetables

Question 10

Define glycogen

Answer 10

Stored glucose in body
Liver: broken down to provide glucose to blood

Muscle: broken down to provide energy to do work

Question 11

Heath benefits of fiber

Answer 11

Soluble: reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and slows increase of blood glucose after eating carbs

Insoluble: Reduces risk of diabetes and reduces occurrence of constipation

Question 12

Insoluble vs soluble fiber

Answer 12

Soluble: Dissolves in water, readily fermented by bacteria (in barley, oats, bran, legumes)

Insoluble: does not dissolve in water, helps reduce constipation (in nuts, wheat bran, veges, potatoes)

Question 13

What foods and food groups increase fiber intake?

Answer 13

Beans, nuts, fruits, veges and whole grains

Question 14

Dietary recommendations for carbs, fiber and added sugars?

Answer 14

Carbs: half of all grains should be whole grains and 45-65% of daily calories from carbs

Sugar: 10% or less of daily calories from dietary guidelines (25% or less from DRI’s)

Fiber: 25g = Women and 38g = Men (14g per 1000 kcals)

Question 15

Name the three disaccharides

Answer 15

Maltose, sucrose and lactose

Question 16

Define whole grains

Answer 16

Contains endosperm, germ and bran in original proportions

Bran=fiber

Question 17

Define Refined grains

Answer 17

White grain

Stripped of the germ and bran leaving only the endosperm

Question 18

Define Enriched grains

Answer 18

Some nutrients lost in processing are added back

• folate
• riboflavin
• iron
• niacin

Question 19

Name the three parts of a whole grain

Answer 19

Bran: Outer fiber filled layer that contains B vitamins and minerals

Germ: embryo of the seed that germinates and grows (fatty acids and B vitamins)

Endosperm: highest amount of starch and protein (all that remains when grain is refined)

Question 20

Describe the body’s use of glucose to provide energy

Answer 20

Fructose and galactose: Carried to liver and converted to glucose and exported back into blood

Glucose: Primary fuel for cells, stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles and excess stored as fat for energy later

Question 21

Define and treat Lactose intolerance

Answer 21

Low lactase activity

Causes diarrhea, gas, cramps and abdominal pain

Treatment: Decrease dairy intake, lactase pills and small amounts of cultured milk

Question 22

Define hypoglycemia

Answer 22

Low blood glucose

• Pancreas detects decline and secretes glucagon into blood
• glucagon tells liver to increase glucose production
• Liver releases glucose

Treatments: Glucose tabs, eating and some medications to inhibit insulin secretion

Question 23

What are the two hormones released by the pancreas

Answer 23

Insulin: Lowers blood sugar

Glucagon: raises blood sugar (glucagon breaks down glycogen stores)

Question 24

How dies fiber help with constipation?

Answer 24

Increases the weight of stool and softens it to help it pass easier

Question 25

Nutritive sweeteners

Answer 25

Sugar alcohols
End in ol
Provide calories, but fewer than sugars
Have reduced absorption
Safe for teeth

Question 26

Non-nutritive sweeteners

Answer 26

Calorie free

Ex:
Aspartame
Stevia
Sucralose