Sport law and commercialisation Flashcards
What is sport legislation for injury?
Injuries that occur as not part of the sporting contest and involve a deliberate act by a participant to injure another are illegal.
e.g. dangerous tackle, punches.
Civil claims can be made, and to be successful, need to be proved that the act was outside the playing culture of the sport.
What is sports legislation for violence?
NGBs usually deal with violence, but sometimes players may be prosecuted.
Supporters are always facing legal consequences for unacceptable behaviour, such as pitch invasion and attacks.
What is sports legislation for contracts?
Contractual disputes are dealt through the law.
Performers are employees and so should have the same rights as other workers.
The Bosman ruling gave professional footballers the right to move freely to another employer at the end of their contract, without transfer fee or the club keeping their license.
What is restraint of trade?
Action that interferes with free competition in a market.
This might involve a clause in contract which restricts a person’s right to carry out their profession.
What is negligence?
Conduct that falls below a reasonable person standard and leads to a breach of the duty of care, which results in forseeable harm to another.
Officials have a duty of care to participants to ensure dangers around them are eliminated, so the environment is safe.
What is sports legislation for officials negligence?
Negligence cases are brought against officials at a professional and amateur level.
In rugby, a referee was found liable for injuries sustained following a scrum collapsing.
The official was at fault due to allowing a number of scrums to collapse, and not following guidelines in doing so.
What is the duty of care of coaches?
A legal obligation to eliminate all potential dangers and risks so the players can participate in a safe environment and not hurt unneccessarily.
E.g. a wet sports hall floor causing injury.
What is coach responsibility of health and safety?
They should have access to first aid facilities and the means to contact emergency services.
They could be deemed liable if evidence shows normal standards weren’t followed.
What is coach responsibility of protection from abuse?
Responsibility to protect children from emotional and physical abuse.
All organisations should have a policy statement and guidelines regarding abuse that the coach should adhere to.
What is coach responsibility of supplements?
Coach have a legal and ethical responsibility to educate their athletes about drug use and abuse and provide general and appropriate advice on legal nutrition and supplements which can be used.
What is coach responsibility in duty of care?
Keeping up to date contact details, medical details and attendance records.
Maintaining appropriate supervision ratios.
Ensuring that first aid provision is available.
Ensuring indviduals have a current DBS.
Ensuring they have undertaken appropriate risk assessments.
Act ‘in place of parent’.
What are the sports legislation for spectators?
Cannot invade playing surfaces or use racist chants without risking prosecution under various public order acts.
What measures have been introduced to try ensure safety and overcome hooliganism?
All seater stadia replace terraces.
Control of alcohol sales.
Specified kick-off times by the police.
Increased security and police presence.
Tougher deterrents.
What acts have controlled fan behaviour?
Occupiers’ liability act 1957 - occupier of the premises owes a duty of care to their visitors.
Safety of sports grounds act 1975 - protects all spectators and all grounds in all sports.
Sporting events act 1985 - banned alcohol and sale of it at football matches.
What later acts have controlled fan behaviour?
The football spectators act 1989 - allows bans on individuals who have offended.
The football offences act 1991 - prevents throwing missiles, chanting racist remarks, and trespassing onto the playing field.
What is the golden triangle?
The media uses sport to gain viewers. The media is used by businesses and sponsors for advertising purposes, promoting the company and product.
Businesses pay the media for advertising time and space on TV and online, as well as performers to advertise their goods.
Sports are aware they need to be in the media to attract sponsorship, profile and appeal to the audience.
What are the advantages of the golden triangle on elite sport?
Increased income to allow events to be televised.
Increased promotion to gain more fans and popularity.
Increased sponsorship and income to pay for advertising.
Sports are organised and funded, so improves their running.
Improved facilities benefit spectators and performers.
What are the disadvantages of the golden triangle on elite sport?
Media reporting that focuses too much on the negatives.
The media and sponsors can dictate kick-off times and scheduling.
The media and sponsors can change the nature of the sport - breaks for advertising.
The media and sponsors only televise already popular sports.
Sponsors and media can be too demanding on performers and coaches to give interviews.
Sponsorship deals can increase pressure to win.
What is the use of media in sport?
The media uses sport to gain viewers or readers, and to increase their income revenue.
For many, the information gained about sport is through the media.
TV transmits instant live images directly to large numbers of people.
Sports channels are used to increase subscribers willing to pay extra to watch a range of sports.
What is ring-fencing?
A number of sporting events must be available for viewing on free-to access TV rather than satellite or subscription channels.
OFCOM provides regulations designed to protect this.
The list of ring-fenced sports has declined as satellite channels offer riches which the sporting authorities can’t refuse.
What are the categories of events?
Category A must have live coverage via free-to-air channels e.g. FIFA world cup finals.
Category B events are those which can be shown on pay-per-view as long as there is sufficient secondary coverage via highlights packages on free-to-air TV stations.
Why has ring-fencing continued?
To access the widest number and range of viewers.
To avoid restricting coverage to subscriptions available to only those who can afford them.
To increase geographical access to all viewers.
To enable viewing of events seen as part of sporting heritage and culture.
To enable access to events that should be freely available e.g. Olympics.
What are the characteristics of sport most attractive to the media?
High levels of skill for viewers to watch through a competitive, well-matched competition.
Visually appealing and show excitement and aggression.
Easily understood with simple rule structures.
Event is easy to televise with a short timescale.
Nationally relevant with easily identifiable personalities and role models.
Why are certain sports not shown on the media?
Badminton and table tennis are seen as less popular with the viewing public and have a limited target audience.
They are ‘less exciting’ and less entertaining, so makes it difficult to break into the male-dominated primetime slots, especially as there’s few well known personalities.
There is less commercial appeal to sponsors in sports with less coverage.
