Emergence of the globalisation of sport in the 21st century Flashcards
What was life like in pre-industrial Britain (pre-1780)?
Communications and transport were limited.
There was widespread illiteracy.
Cruel or violent existences were the norm for the lower class; the upper class lived in comfort and luxury.
There was limited free time as work was based on the land; free time was dictated by the agricultural seasons; the lower class worked very long hours.
Class divisions clearly existed - the feudal system - upper and lower class.
People lived in the countryside/rural areas.
What are the characteristics of popular recreation?
Occasional and restricted to annual events when breaks in the agricultural calendar allowed participation, e.g. Holy Days or festivals.
Local - limited transport meant limited to each community.
Activities used the natural resources available to them.
Rules were very basic and applied to a particular community - low literacy.
Aggressive and male-dominated - to reflect the harsh society.
Wagers were placed by the upper classes as part of sporting contests.
Sometimes the activities were functional as were linked to their work requirements, (e.g. footmen led to race walking as an activity.)
What is Mob football?
Played by the lower class.
It was localised, due to limited transport and communications.
Few rules and regulations.
Very violent and unruly.
Played occasionally.
Used natural resources e.g. pigs bladder instead of leather football.
Participants risked injuries and loss of income due to time off work.
Unlimited number of players, no time limits, no officials were the norm.
Why was mob football banned?
Popular recreation activities such as mob football became increasingly unpopular with the local authorities as the 19th century progressed:
They were unruly or violent in nature.
They led to injury or death in extreme cases.
They led to damage of property.
They involved gambling/wagering.
They were linked to alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour.
What is Real Tennis?
Exclusive activity.
Courtly and royal in nature.
Played by upper-class males of society.
Complex rules could be written down for sport as the upper class were educated and highly literate.
A high moral code - lacked violence and was instead played in a civilised manner.
Played on a regular basis - had lots of leisure time.
Expensive, purpose-built facilities using expensive specialist equipment.
Non-local - ability to travel.
Skillful game with difficult technical demands - the upper class could show their superiority over the lower class.
What was athletics in pre-industrial Britain?
‘Foot racing’, consisted of footmen competing as messengers by the upper class for their speed of movement across open land.
They competed against each other, with the gentry wagering on how many miles they could cover in a specified time period.
Success in athletics meant increased social status for a gentleman so upper class were happy to act as patrons to the working class performers.
What are patrons?
A member of the gentry who looked after a lower class performer by arranging competitions for them to participate in, putting up prize money and generally looking after the welfare of the performer.
What was popular recreation linked to festivals?
Had individuals organising local, rural, community festivals containing athletic events.
Included running, hurdles and football.
Prizes were awarded by patrons for successful lower class participants.
Rules were simple/unwritten.
Betting occurred.
What is rational recreation?
In the nineteenth century, these were for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
This reflected a more ordered, industrially based society.
What are the Wenlock Olympian Games?
In 1850, the people of Wenlock formed the Olympian Class to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements, especially in the lower-class people of Wenlock.
Participation in outdoor recreation promoted improvement, with prizes offered for successful participants to encourage.
In 1860 the Olympian Class became the Wenlock Olympian Society.
Founded by Dr William Penny Brookes.
What did the first Wenlock Olympic Games consist of?
Held in 1850 and were a forerunner to the modern Olympic games.
There was a mixture of athletics and traditional country sports including quoits, football, cricket, running and hurdles.
Rules were written and they drew athletes from all over the country.
Pageantry and celebration were important parts of the Games.
What else did Dr Penny Brookes do?
He and the Wenlock Olympian society campaigned for physical education to be on the school curriculum and promoted the benefits of sport and exercise nationally.
Brookes founded with the others the National Olympian Association who held their first festival in 1866 at the crystal palace, attracting 10,000 spectators.
Baron Pierre de Coubertin was inspired and went on to establish the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and reform the modern Olympic games in Athens (1896).
What were the negative effects of the industrial revolution?
The initial effects were often negative:
Migration of the lower classes into urban areas - looking for work in the new factories led to a loss of space to play mob games.
Lack of leisure time - the shift from seasonal to machine time, leading to long 12 hour working days, six days a week.
Lack of income - low wages and poverty were evident, with little spare income for leisure pursuits.
How was health, public provision and rights affected by the revolution?
Poor health - along with poor working and living conditions that led to pollution, and a lack of hygiene, also meant little energy to play sport.
Loss of rights - restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws.
A lack of public provision - no access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower classes.
What are the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution on sports?
Health and hygiene improved due to gradual improvement of living conditions and local council provision of public baths to improve cleanliness to help stop the spread of disease, enabling more willingness to play sport.
The values of athleticism - moral integrity, trying hard and working to the best of your ability but also playing fairly - spread to the lower classes.
Industrial patronage.
How did middle classes influence sport in post and industrial revolution Britain?
A new middle class developed, who changed the ways of behaving and playing in sport.
It became more respectable and acceptable and was played to a high moral code.
They developed strict rules, leagues and competitions.
They provided facilities via their involvement in the local council.
They gave more time off work, broken time payments etc.
The influence of ex-public schoolboys via setting up teams and providing facilities to participate in.
What are the positive effects of the industrial revolution - practicalities?
Improvements in transport and communications via the development of roads and steam trains influenced the distance spectators and players could travel, and leagues were established.
Fixtures and results could be published in newspapers.
It became cheaper to travel, so participation in sport and the spectating of sport became more accessible.
A gradual increase in wages and more time for sport due to the Factory Acts and Saturday half-days being provided to the workers.
What is Industrial Patronage?
Kind factory owners becoming ‘patrons of sport’ for the working classes by providing support for them to participate in various ways.
It led to provision for recreation and sport.
Factory teams were set up, sporting facilities were provided and excursions to the seaside were organised.
This decreased absenteeism, and encouraged loyalty in the workforce.
What is urbanisation?
Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.
How did urbanisation impact sport?
Lack of space led to the development of purpose-built facilities to play sport, e.g. football grounds.
Large working-class populations now needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches.
Loss of traditional sports, such as mob games, were banned in a civilised urban society, so new sports needed to emerge.
Change in working conditions, initially they worked long hours in the factories, and had limited free time, income or energy to devote to sport. As the situation improved, sports attendance and participation in the working class increased.
How did the transport revolution contribute to the development of sport?
The development of railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel for players and fans, leading to nationwide fixtures on a regular basis.
Improved access to parts of the country, train travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional to national, with leagues forming, involving clubs from across the country.
Train travel became relatively cheap and affordable, leading to working classes following their teams home and away.
Improved access to the countryside meant activities like rambling became popular as rural area were accessible.
How did communications impact sport development?
Gradual improvement of educational provision led to improvements in their reading and writing abilities. Rules could therefore be developed, as more people could understand them.
Developments in the printed media increased the knowledge and awareness of sport in a number of ways - Dates of fixtures, increased knowledge of results of matches.
It led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models, as people could read match reports and relate to their favourite players scoring goals.
