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PE > Energy systems > Flashcards

Energy systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
It is the only useable form of energy in the body.
It is one molecule of adenosine and three of phosphate.
It has high energy bonds that, when broken down, release the energy.

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2
Q

How is ATP broken down?

A

Energy is released by breaking the bonds that hold the compound together.
ATPase is used to break it down.
It leaves adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi).
ATP + ATPase = ADP + Pi + energy.
Exothermic reaction.

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3
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The first stage of the aerobic system.
It is anaerobic.
It takes place in the sarcoplasm.
It produces two molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule.

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4
Q

What are the stages of the aerobic system?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

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5
Q

What are the three energy systems?

A

Aerobic
ATP-PC
Anaerobic glycolytic

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6
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

The fluid that surrounds the nucleus of muscle fibre.
It is the site where anaerobic respiration takes place.

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7
Q

When is the aerobic system used?

A

For activity lasting over 3 minutes.
When exercise intensity is low and oxygen supply is high.

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8
Q

What happens during aerobic glycolysis?

A

The glycogen is broken down into glucose by glycogen phosphorylase.
The glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid by phosphofructokinase (PFK).
Coenzyme A is added and the pyruvic acid splits into two acetyl groups called acetyl coenzyme A.

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9
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

The second stage of the aerobic system.
It takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
It is a series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using oxygen.
2 molecules of ATP are produced.

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10
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle?

A

The acetyl coenzyme A diffuses into the matrix.
It combines with oxaloacetic acid, and forms citric acid.
Hydrogen is removed from the citric acid, and the rearranged form undergoes oxidative carboxylation - carbon and hydrogen are given off.
The carbon forms carbon dioxide and is breathed out.
The hydrogen is taken to the electron transport chain.

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11
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

Fats can also enter the Krebs cycle.
Stored fat is broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids for transportation by the blood.
(Triglycerides are broken down by lipase).
They are then converted into acetyl coenzyme A, which enters the Krebs cycle.
From this point, fat metabolism follows the same pathway as glycogen metabolism.

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12
Q

Why are fats used instead of glycogen?

A

More ATP can be produced from one molecule of fatty acids than one of glucose.
So in long-duration, low-intensity exercise, fatty acids will be the predominant energy source.
This does depend on the fitness of the performer.

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13
Q

What is the electron transport train?

A

The third stage of the aerobic system.
A series of chemical reactions that take place in the cristae of the mitochondria.
Hydrogen is oxidised to form water.
34 ATP molecules are produced.

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14
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

Hydrogen is carried to the electron transport chain by electron carriers.
The hydrogen splits into hydrogen ions and electrons and they are charged with potential energy.
The hydrogen ions are oxidised to form water.
The hydrogen electrons provide the energy to re-synthesise ATP.

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15
Q

What are the advantages of the aerobic system?

A

High energy yield and very efficient - 1:38 ATP.
No fatiguing by-products.
Long duration system.

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of the aerobic system?

A

Only used for moderate intensity.
No explosive movements used.
There is a delay in oxygen delivery.

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17
Q

What is the ATP-PC system?

A

It uses phosphocreatine (PC) as its fuel.
It can be broken down quickly and easily to release energy to re-synthesise ATP.
It is an anaerobic process.

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18
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

It is an energy-rich phosphate compound.
Found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles.

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19
Q

How does the ATP-PC system provide energy?

A

It resynthesises ATP when the enzyme kinase detects high levels of ADP.
Phosphocreatine = Phosphate + creatine + energy
This energy is then used to convert ADP to ATP in a coupled reaction.
Energy + Pi + ADP = ATP
Endothermic reaction.

20
Q

What are the advantages of the ATP-PC system?

A

It doesn’t produce (fatiguing) by-products.
It delays the onset of the anaerobic glycolytic system.
PC is in the muscle so is readily available.
ATP can be regenerated quickly and doesn’t require oxygen.

21
Q

What are the disadvantages of the ATP-PC system?

A

PC only lasts 5-8 seconds, and is only replenished after 3 minutes in low intensity exercise where oxygen is available.
For every molecule of PC broken down, only enough energy is produced to create one ATP.
So it is quite inefficient.
Only provides energy for high intensity exercise for a short time, <10 seconds.
Limited PC stores in the body.

22
Q

What are sporting examples of when ATP-PC system is used?

A

Shotput, discus, javelin throw.
Tennis forehand.
Long jump, triple jump, high jump.
Free kick in football.
Golf.
100m sprint.
Power lifting.

23
Q

What is the process of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

A

Low levels of PC activate the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.
This enzyme breaks down glycogen into glucose.
The enzyme phosphofructokinase breaks glucose down into pyruvic acid.
The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase breaks down pyruvic acid into lactic acid.

24
Q

What is the anaerobic glycolytic system?

A

Energy is released to allow ATP re-synthesis.
2 ATP molecules are produced for one molecule of glucose.
It takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell where oxygen is not available.
The system can last 2-3 minutes, if not working at the highest intensity.

25
Q

What are sporting examples of when anaerobic glycolytic system is used?

A

Cycling sprint events
Counter attack in football
400m athletics race

26
Q

What is the energy continuum?

A

It describes which energy system is used for different types of physical activity and sport.
The contribution that each energy system make to the production of energy depends on the intensity and duration of exercise.

27
Q

How does the duration and intensity affect the energy system used?

A

Very high intensity: <10 seconds, ATP-PC system.
High to very high: 8-90 seconds, ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolytic.
High: 90 seconds to 3 minutes, anaerobic glycolytic and aerobic.
Low to medium: 3+ minutes, aerobic.

28
Q

What is the ATP-PC/anaerobic glycolytic threshold?

A

The point at which the ATP-PC system is exhausted and the anaerobic system takes over.

29
Q

What is the anaerobic glycolytic/aerobic threshold?

A

The point at which the anaerobic glycolytic system is exhausted and the aerobic system takes over.

30
Q

What is a sporting example of the ATP-PC/ glycolytic threshold?

A

A midfielder would need to make short 3 second sprints to get free or beyond a defender (ATP-PC) but will also need the glycolytic system to make recovery runs back to help defend.

31
Q

What is a sporting example of the glycolytic/aerobic threshold?

A

Occurs when the ball is in phases of play away from the player. A performer will still track and scan players movement but at a lower intensity.
Sufficient oxygen will be available throughout for ATP resynthesis.

32
Q

How is ATP generated in slow twitch muscle fibres?

A

The main pathway for ATP production is in the aerobic system.
It produces the maximum amount of ATP available from each glucose molecule (up to 36).
Production is slow but these fibres are more endurance based, so less likely to fatigue.

33
Q

How is ATP generated in fast twitch fibres?

A

The main pathway for ATP production is via the anaerobic glycolytic energy system.
ATP production in the absence of oxygen is not efficient - only two ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule.
Production of ATP this way is fast but cannot last for long as these fibres have least resistance to fatigue.

34
Q

What is VO2?

A

It is oxygen consumption - the amount of oxygen used to resynthesise ATP.
Measured in ml/min.
At rest, we consume oxygen at a rate of 300-400ml/min.

35
Q

Which factors affect VO2 max?

A

Physiological
Body composition
Genetics
Gender
Differences in age
Lifestyle
Training

36
Q

Which physiological factors affect VO2 max?

A

Increased maximum cardiac output.
Increased stroke volume/ejection fraction/cardiac hypertrophy.
Greater heart rate range.
Slow twitch hypertrophy.
Less oxygen is being used for the heart muscle so more available for the muscles.
Increased levels of myoglobin and red blood cell count.
Increased stores of glycogen and triglycerides.
Increased capillarisation around the muscles.
Increased number and size of the mitochondria.
Increased surface area of alveoli.
Increased lactate tolerance.
Reduced body fat.

37
Q

How does body composition affect VO2 max?

A

A higher percentage of body fat decreases VO2 max.
Higher % of body fat = lower % of muscle mass.
A lower muscle mass means a smaller contribution of the muscle pump to venous return = decreased cardiac output.

38
Q

How do genetics affect VO2 max?

A

VO2 is genetically determined, which limits the impact of training improvement.

39
Q

How does gender affect VO2 max?

A

Men generally have approximately 20% higher VO2 max than women.
This is because men generally have larger lung volumes, bigger and stronger heart and more muscle mass than women.

40
Q

How do differences in age affect VO2 max?

A

As we get older, our VO2 max declines as our body systems become less efficient.

41
Q

How does lifestyle affect VO2 max?

A

Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and poor fitness can all reduce VO2 max.
Smoking negatively affects lung function, oxygen transport and gas exchange efficiency.
Poor diet means more body fat and less muscle mass.

42
Q

How does training affect VO2 max?

A

VO2 max can be increased by up to 20% following a period of aerobic training.
E.g. continuous, fartlek and aerobic interval training.

43
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be utilised by the muscles per minute.

44
Q

What are the average values of VO2 max?

A

Male: 45-44 ml/kg/min
Female: 35-44 ml/kg/min

45
Q

What are the advantages of a higher VO2 max?

A

Increased oxygen carrying capacity.
More oxygen is available to be used in the aerobic system to resynthesise ATP.
Exercise at a higher intensity for longer, as OBLA is delayed.
In the presence of oxygen, lactic acid can be converted back to liver glycogen or broken down and used as fuel.

PE (30 decks)

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