Psychological influences on the team Flashcards
What is BEDTOP?
The behavioural effects due to others present.
The audience - causes pressure.
The co-actors - doing the same thing at the same time, but not competing.
The competitors.
Social reinforcers - have direct influence on performance, e.g. a coach.
What is the effect of others present?
Audience and co-actors are passive, do not exert a direct influence on the event, but their presence causes an increase in arousal.
Competitors and social reinforcers can give encouragement, advice or cause distractions.
What is social inhibition?
The negative effect of the presence of others on performance.
A beginner will experience anxiety and over-arousal when being watched, and perhaps not able to cope with the pressure of the crowd.
What is social facilitation?
The positive effect of the presence of others on performance.
An expert will be able to cope with the demands of a crowd, and be motivated and encouraged, skills performance can be enhanced.
How does difficulty level affect BEDTOP?
If the skill is simple, the presence of co-actors can help.
Trying to be the last person to stop sit-ups with a group.
With complex skills, the presence of others can be negative.
It requires the interpretation of numerous items of information, and information processing is reduced under stress.
How are expert performers affected by dominant response?
The dominant response is likely to be well-learned and familiar, and no pressure on the performer.
It can be done without much thought or attention.
Crowds may facilitate performance.
How are novice performers affected by the dominant response?
They are unlikely to have learned responses that are performed automatically and so may produce the incorrect action.
The novice uses a lot of attention to find the right answer, and the crowd adds to this pressure and inhibits.
What is evaluation apprehension?
The perceived fear of being judged.
Significant others observe and judge performance, which increases anxiety and arousal, and reduces performance.
It can be more acute if the performer already feels less confident about the outcome.
How can social inhibition be prevented?
Familiarise the players with playing in front of a crowd - building up the audience gradually makes them used to being watched and cope with it.
Gradually introducing evaluation - start with informal chats, then formal statistics, so performers can deal with scrutiny.
Improving focus and concentration - by using selective attention.
What is a team?
A group of individuals who have to work together to achieve a goal and may perform different functions to make the team unit complete.
Collective identity, interaction, communication, shared goal.
What is collective identity?
The team can be easily recognised, through wearing the same colour kit.
Team members will feel a strong affiliation to the team and gain a sense of pride .
This brings motivation and a sense of belonging.
What is interaction?
The team members should operate in their own role successfully and also be able to link this role with other members of the team to work together to complete a task.
What is communication?
To help with interaction, the individuals should talk to each other and communicate non-verbally.
A rugby player may use a coded call or hand signal to indicate where the ball is being thrown.
What is a shared goal or purpose?
The prospect of achieving success is what often keeps players in the team and working for each other.
All the players should want to aim for the same goal to have maximum motivation.
What is Tuckman’s theory?
The stages of group formation that the group must pass in order to start working as a unit:
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
What is forming?
The group comes together and gets to know each other.
The individuals often find out how they feel about the team and if they think they will fit in.
An assessment is made on the strengths of the individual compared to others.
What is storming?
A stage of potential conflict when individuals may compete to establish position, status or role in the team.
The coach or captain should resolve issues as quickly as possible to ensure players accept an alternative.
What is norming?
Once conflicts have been resolved, the team begins to settle down and co-operate, with the intention of achieving their goals.
Group standards are accepted and the cohesion of the team develops.
What is performing?
All the players are now interactive and working together to achieve their goals.
The team members support each other and understand their role in the team.
How does time of the Tuckman theory vary?
It depends on the size of the group, difficulty of the task and the experience of the players.
Some club teams are established and can welcome new players quickly.
Representative or international teams may take longer since the players have to learn unfamiliar tactics and new roles within a limited time span with infrequent meetings.
What is cohesion?
The tendency of individuals to work together to achieve their goals, the forces that keep the group members on task.
The team either has to be cohesive to achieve success, or cohesion develops as a result of a team being successful.
What is co-action?
When others do the task at the same time but separately.
