Modern day sport Flashcards
What is the development of modern day association football?
It was the major sporting activity, but wages were low.
In 1900, the maximum wage per week was £4 and very slow to increase.
The wage did not significantly increase until 1961.
Modern day, increased commercialisation has increased wages.
The Bosman ruling has given freedom to move contracts without transfer fees.
What is the emergence of elite female footballers?
1966, hosting of world cup resurged interest in women football.
1969 Women’s Football Association formed, developed league structures.
1971, WFA organised first national competition.
1972 WFA launched english national team.
1991 womens premier league
What is the emergence of elite female footballers - 2000s?
2001 first broadcast on tv
2008-12 FA published 4 year strategy, which increased women’s contracts. But TV rights were sold to pay, so restricted exposure and potential sponsorship.
2012, team GB women’s team.
2013-18 Game Changer increased media coverage, developed national teams, increased attendance in games.
How have socio-cultural factors increased elite female footballers?
Equal opportunities: More sports are socially acceptable and there is less sexual discrimination in sport. The war effort of women helped to break down myths and stereotypes of the physique of women.
Increased media coverage.
More female role models as performers, coaches and officials.
More provision via school pe programmes.
Increased approval and encouragement from FA.
More clubs are forming at local and professional levels.
Increased participation by more funding.
More free time, traditional domestic roles has decreased.
What is the emergence of elite female officials in football?
Number increased from 636 in 2008 to 1035 in 2012, because:
FA had more involvement in women’s football.
The FA National Referee Strategy aimed to increased recruitment and retention.
Use of positive role models to encourage women.
FA respect campaign to improve player conduct and behaviour towards all referees.
General increase in equality and recognition of women’s ability to officiate.
What are the barriers to female referees?
Physical/ psychological intimidation.
Lack of adherence to FA respect protocol.
Personal factors - sexism and marginalisation.
Organisational factors - lack of support for training.
Lack of female role models at elite level.
What is the development of modern day lawn tennis?
In the 1900s, players realised they could earn much money from their skills, so professional touring and competitions were set up.
But the rest of tennis remained amateur, with professionals excluded from participation.
In 1968 this was abandoned, and the open era began.
What is the open era of tennis?
The establishment of international professional tennis and sale of TV rights, the popularity of the game spread and its tried to shed its middle class image.
But it is still seen as middle class.
There was inequalities in money between men and women. Representatives from the World Tennis Association achieved equality in 2007.
What is the emergence of elite female tennis players?
The WTA provided ground breaking opportunities for women to play at the top level.
There was lots of potential role models for girls, large sponsorship deals, and worldwide coverage of elite women’s tennis tournaments.
What is the development of modern day track and field athletics?
Interest in athletics was stimulated with London hosting the olympics in 1948.
Trust funds were eventually established, so athletes could safeguard their eligibility to participate in amateur competition, but still recieve finanical rewards.
NGBs kept control of athletics by insisting it authorise all payments.
Athletes went around the world and competed in programmes to earn money and prize money.
What is the IAAA?
Now, there are no trust funds as payments can be made directly to athletes, as laid down by the International Amateur Athletics Association, now called the International Association of Athletics Federations.
IAAF established major international competitions.
Large spectator numbers ensure athletes can generate healthy incomes via prizes and sponsorship deals.
What is the emergence of elite female athletes?
Women were still excluded from a number of events in the Olympics in the late 1900s.
Fortunately, the negative myths and stereotypes about their capabilities are being challenged.
Female and male athletes can earn millions from their talents.
What is the golden triangle?
Sport, the media, business and sponsorship are all strongly inter-linked and mutually dependent.
For example, without media coverage, sports are less attractive to sponsors who want their product or business to be publicised to as many people as possible.
The media uses sport to gain viewers, listeners and readers.
In turn, businesses and sponsors use the media to advertise their products and services: organisations often pay substantial sums to sport and the media for advertisements.
What is commercialisation, media and sponsorship?
There is a massive media interest in certain ‘high profile’ sports - TV companies pay huge amounts of money for the rights to show a sporting event - as sport has a positive image.
Sponsorship deals result from TV exposure.
Merchandising is also related to media exposure - clothing and equipment companies rival in sponsoring teams and individuals to aid their merchandising.
What are the characteristics of commercial sport?
Close links with:
Professional sport, it is high quality and high skill levels.
Sponsorship and business.
Entertainment.
Contracts, in sales of merchandise and bidding for TV rights.
Athletes as commodities, become role models, increase profits.
Wide media coverage, high-profile sports that are visually appealing and have high skill levels, simple rules.
