Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there and how are they organised?

A

33 in total

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

4 coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the structures labelled 1-7?

A
  1. Vertebral body
  2. Spinous process
  3. Transverse process
  4. Pedicle
  5. Foramen/spinal canal
  6. Lamina
  7. Superior facet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of joints are facet joints?

A

Synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the angle of the transverse processes at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels?

A

45, 60 and 90 degrees respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the transverse foramen in the cervical spine transmit?

A

Vertebral artery, vein and nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is there much movement in the thoracic spine?

A

No, due to attachment of ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is there greatest risk of injury to the spine and why?

A

Cervico-thoracic and thoraco-lumbar junctions

Junctions between fixed and mobile segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the risk of rupture to the vertebral disc highest?

A

Posterior annulus fibrosis - this is where it’s thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which ligaments run along the surface and length of the vertebral column?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which structure links the vertebral laminae?

A

Ligamentum flavum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which structures link the spinous processes of the vertebrae and what strength are they?

A

Interspinous ligaments - between processes, relatively weak

Surpaspinous ligament - along the posterior aspect of the spinous processes, tough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the three column theory of Denis?

A

Assessment of stability of spinal injury

1 Column injured: stable
(OP wedge #)

2 columns injured: may be unstable

3 columns injured: unstable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the superficial/extrinsic muscles of the spine?

A

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Rhomboid minor & major

Levatus scapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the superficial/extrinsic muscles of the spine?

A

Movement of shoulder and upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here, and what is its function and innervation?

A

Trapezius

Elevates and depresses scapula, retracts scapula

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here and what is its function and innervation?

A

Latissmus doris

Adducts, extends and internally rotates the humerus

C6, 7, 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which group of muscles are being indicated here and what are their names?

A

Erector spinae:

Laterally - iliocostalis

In between - longisimus thoracis

Medially - spinalis thoracis

18
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the erector spinae muscles?

A

Occiput of the skull

Inserts on the pelvis

19
Q

What is the innervation of the erector spinae muscles?

A

Posterior rami of the spinal nerves

20
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

21
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

At the cauda equina, level L2

22
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Muscles controlled by the motor element of the nerve root from a specific level

23
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Skin sensation supplied by the sensory element of the nerve root from a specific level

24
Q

What are the parts of the spinal cord labelled 1-4?

A
  1. Grey matter
  2. White matter
  3. Posterior horn
  4. Anterior horn
25
Q

What is contained within the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

The ascending sensory tracts

The descending motor tracts

26
Q

What is significant about the path of the crossed pyramidal or lateral cerebrospinal tract?

(This is a descending motor tract)

A

Crosses over in the medulla

Descends in the spinal cord on the contralateral side

27
Q

What is significant about the path of the uncrossed pyramidal or anterior cerebrospinal tract?

A

Descend the spine on the ipsilateral side of the cord

Crosses (decussates) at the same level it exits the cord so exits from the contralateral side

28
Q

What is significant about the path of the posterior & anterior spinocerebellar tracts and what do these nerves carry?

A

Ascend the spine on the ipsilateral side of the cord
Enter the cerebellum
Carry information relating to proprioception

29
Q

What is significant about the path of the lateral and anterior spinothelamic tracts and what do they carry?

A

Enter then ascend the spine on the ipsilateral side of the cord for a couple of levels
Then cross and ascend the spine on the contralateral side of the cord
Enter the thalamus
Carry information relating to pain & temperature

30
Q

Which ascending tracts carry fine touch and proprioception to the brain?

A

Posterior columns:

Fasciculus gracilis of Goll

Fasciculus cuneatus of Burdach

31
Q

Which are the descending tracts which cross over and descend on the contralateral side of the brain?

A

Crossed pyramidal or lateral cerebrospinal tract

32
Q

Which are the ascending tracts which initially ascend on the ipsilateral side of the cord but cross over to contralateral side to reach the brain?

A

Lateral and anterior spinothelamic tracts

33
Q

What happens in the grey matter to ascending and descending tracts?

A

The descending tracts enter the anterior horn of the grey matter and are transmitted via the ventral root to the nerve root then the muscle of action

Sensation is transmitted via the spinal nerve root to the dorsal root and into the posterior horn of the grey matter and via the ascending sensory tracts enter the brain

34
Q

Which roots of the spinal cord join to become the nerve root?

A

Ventral and dorsal roots

35
Q

Through which foramen does the spinal nerve exit the spinal column?

A

Intervertebral notch

36
Q

What structure forms the intervertebral notch?

A

The pedicle of the vertebrae has a notch above and below
When the vertebrae are stacked, the two notches form a hole

37
Q

When the nerve travels through the intervertebral foramen, what is it as risk of?

A

Injury from facet joint osteophyte formation, disc prolapse or foraminal stenosis

38
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A bundle of spinal nerves and nerve roots

39
Q

What nerves are contained within the cauda equina?

A

L2 – L5

S1 – S5

Coccygeal nerve

40
Q

What is Batson’s venous plexus?

A

A network of valveless veins
Connect the deep pelvic veins and thoracic veins (draining the inferior end of the urinary bladder, breast and prostate) to the internal vertebral venous plexuses

Anatomy (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions