Lower limb Flashcards
The bony prominence at the distal end of which bone gives rise to the medial malleolus?
Tibia
Which bones are involved in the knee joint?
Patella
Femur
Tibia
Which structures make up the hip bone?
Ileum
Ischium
Pubic bones
What is a sesamoid bone and give an example?
A bone found within the tendon of a muscle e.g. the patella found in the quadriceps tendon
How many bones are in each section of the foot, proximal - distal?
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones
14 phalanges
What structures make up the hip joint?
Articulation between head of the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone
What is the talus?
The (tarsal) bone of the foot that articulates with the tibia and fibula to make the ankle joint
What is the calcaneus?
“Heel” bone
Which bones make up the ‘hindfoot’?
Calcaneus
Talus
Which bones make up the ‘midfoot’?
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial cunciform
Intermediate cunciform
Lateral cunciform
Which bones make up the ‘forefoot’?
Metatarsals and phalanges
What is the midtarsal joint or transverse talar joint?
The joint between the talus, the calcaneus and the other tarsal bones
What is the subtalar joint?
The joint between the talus and the calcaneus
What is the intertrochanteric line?
A line between the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur This is the site of attachment of the fibrous capsule
Where do the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament attach?
Intercondylar eminence of the tibia Femoral condyles
Where is the deltoid ligament found?
Medial aspect of the ankle between the tibia and the talus
What movement do the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh allow?
Flexion at hip Extension of knee
What are the insertions of the quadriceps muscle?
Tibial tuberosity
Ilium
Body of the femur
What four muscles make up the quadriceps?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Which muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Sartorius
Quadriceps
Iliopsoas
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral nerve L2, L3, L4
What movement does the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh allow?
Adduction of the hip
What nerve supplies the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve, L2, L3, L4
How does the obturator nerve travel from the lumbar plexus to the medial compartment of the thigh?
Through the obturator foramen within the anterior aspect of the pelvis
What movements do the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh allow?
Extension of hip
Flexion of knee
Where are the attachments of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Pubic bone (medially)
Shaft of the femur
How many muscles make up the ‘hamstrings’?
3
What are the attachments of the hamstrings?
Ischial tuberosity
1 attaches to fibula
2 attach to tibia
What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Sciatic nerve, L4-S3
How does the sciatic nerve travel from the spinal cord to the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Forms in the sacral plexus Passes through the greater sciatic foramen into the gluteal region
What are the extensor retinaculum and what do they do?
Ligamentous structures found at the distal end of the lower limb between the fibia and the tibula, holding the tendons in place
What movements do the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg allow?
Dorsiflexion at the ankle
Extension of toes
Inversion (at subtalar and midtarsal joints)
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve
This is a branch of the sciatic
What movement do the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg allow?
Eversion of the foot
Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
This is a branch of the sciatic
What movements do the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg allow?
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Flexion of toes
Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
This is a branch of the sciatic
What are the attachments of the gluteus maximus
Femur and ileotibial tract - laterally
Posterior aspect of the ileum
Sacrum
What movement does the gluteus maximus allow?
Extension of the hip
Which muscles are revealed when the gluteus maximus is reflected?
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
What are the attachments of the gluteus minimus and medius?
Greater trochanter of the femur
Posterior aspect of ileum
Sacrum
Which movement do the gluteus minimus and the gluteus medius allow?
Abduction of the hip
Which movement do the muscles deep to the gluteus minimus and medius allow?
External rotation of hip
Which nerve travels through the greater sciatic foramen and supplies the perineum?
Pudendal nerve
What is the pisiformis muscle?
A named muscle in the deeper muscles of the gluteal area which travels through the greater sciatic foramen
How does the femoral nerve pass into the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Passes through the inguinal ligament
What is the biggest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
Tibial
This is a branch of the sciatic
Which two nerves does the sciatic nerve become and where does the splitting occur?
Common fibular
Tibial
Happens at posterior aspect of knee
What are the names of the branches that the common fibular nerve divides into?
Deep and superficial fibular
Where does the common fibular nerve travel in the leg?
Winds onto the anterior aspect of the leg around the fibular head
Which nerve is at risk of injury due to compression by plaster cast on the lower leg?
Common fibular
What is the name given to the sensory fibres of the femoral nerve which travels down the anterior and medial aspect of the leg?
Saphenous nerve
What two arteries does the popliteal nerve divide into?
Anterior tibial Posterior tibial
What does the anterior tibial artery become when it reaches the foot?
Dorsalis pedis
Where can the posterior tibial artery be palpated?
Posterior to the medial malleolus
Which arteries supply the hip joint?
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral branches of the deep femoral artery Retinacular arterties, branching from the medial circumflex femoral branch, supply the head of the femur
Which arteries are likely to be damaged in a trauma damaging the fibrous capsule of the hip?
Retinacular arteries
What is the name of the superficial vein that runs up the medial aspect of the leg?
Great saphenous vein
What is the name of the vein that drains emerges from the dorsal venous network and drains the lateral aspect of the leg?
Short saphenous vein
Which deep vein does the great saphenous vein drain into?
Femoral vein
Which deep vein does the short saphenous vein drain into?
Popliteal vein
Which structure is being indicated here?
Deltoid ligament
Which vessel is being indicated here?
Short saphenous vein
Which vessel is being indicated here?
Long saphenous vein
Which vessel is being indicated here?
Popliteal vein
Which muscle is the popliteal artery about to pass under here?
Soleus
Which muscle is indicated in red here?
Popliteus
Which muscle is the popliteal artery passing superficially to at this point?
Popliteus
Which branch of the popliteal artery is being shown here and which course does it take from here?
Anterior tibial artery
Travels anteriorly
Which branch of the popliteal artery is being shown here?
Posterior tibial artery
Which opening is being indicated here?
Lesser sciatic foramen
Which nerve passes through this foramen?
Sciatic nerve
What foramen is this and what passes through it?
Obturator foramen
Obturator nerves and vessels
Which part of the pelvis is being indicated here?
Ischeal tuberosity
Which part of the pelvis is being indicated here?
Pubic tubercle
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Piriformis
Which muscle is being indicated here and what structure has it just passed though?
Piriformis
Greater sciatic foramen
What do obturator externus and obturator internus do?
They are hip rotators
WHere does obturator femoris arise and insert?
Arises from ischial tuberosity
Inserts on the neck of the femur posteriorly at the intertrochanteric crest
Which group of muscles arise from this area of the ischium and pubis?
Hip adductors
Which muscle is being indicated here and what is it’s function?
Adductor magnus
Adducts the hip
What is this gap and what is it’s function?
Adductor hiatus
The named blood vessels of the leg pass through this gap anteriorly - posteriorly
Which muscle is this and what is it’s function?
Adductor brevis
Adducts the hip
Which muscle is this and what is it’s function?
Adductor longus
Which muscle is this?
Pectineus
Which muscle is this?
Gracilis
Which muscle is the most medial of all the thigh muscles?
Gracilis
What is the origin and insertion of gracilis?
Pubis
Proximal tibia
What muscle is this and what is its function?
Gluteus minimus
Hip abductor
Which muscle is this? (Overlies gluteus minimus)
Gluteus medius
What is the fascia lata?
A dense fibrous sheet that surrounds all the muscles of the thigh
What is the name of this thickening of the fascia lata?
Iliotibial tract
Where does the tensor fascia lata arise and insert?
Iliac crest
Iliotibial tract
Which three muscles are hip abductors?
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
Which muscle is this?
Psoas major
Which muscle is this?
Iliacus
Which hamstring muscle is being indicated here?
Biceps femoris (runs to the lateral aspect of the leg)
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Gluteus maximus
Hip extensor
What muscle makes the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
Sartorius
What muscle makes the medial border of the femoral triangle?
Adductor longus
What structure makes the superior border of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament
Which vessel is this?
Great/long saphenous vein
What is the name given to the femoral vein once it has passed beneath the inguinal ligament on its way to the IVC?
External iliac vein
What are these two branches of the deep femoral atery called?
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Which structure is being indicated here?
Femoral nerve (lateral to psoas major)
Which structure is being indicated here?
Obturator nerve (medial to psoas)
Which muscles are supplied by the femoral nerve?
Iliacus
All four quadriceps
Pectineus
Sartorius
Which muscles does the superior gluteal nerve supply?
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
What nerve is gluteus maximus supplied by?
Inferior gluteal nerve
Which structure is being indicated here?
Sciatic nerve
Which structures are being indicated here?
Cruciate ligaments
What do the cruciate ligaments do?
Prevent forwards and backwards movement of the femur on the tibia
What structure is being indicated here? (This is a posterior view of the knee)
Posterior cruciate ligament
Which structures are being indicated here? (Right knee)
Lateral/fibular collateral ligament
Medial/tibial collateral ligament
Which muscle allows extension of the knee?
Quadriceps
Which muscles produce flexion at the knee?
Hamstrings
Gracilis
Sartorius
Which muscle is being shown here? (Posterior view of knee)
Popliteus muscle
Which muscle is being indicated here? (Posterior view of knee)
Plantaris
Which muscle is being indicated here? (Posterior aspect of knee)
Soleus
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Gastrocnemius
Which structure is being indicated here and which two muscles join to form this?
Calcaneal tendon
Gastrocnemius and soleus
What are the names of these lateral and medial arterial branches and which artery are they arising from? (Posterior view of knee)
Superior genicular arteries
Branches of popliteal artery
Which structure is being indicated here in the popliteal fossa?
Sciatic nerve
What is this branch of the sciatic nerve called?
Tibial nerve
What is this branch of the sciatic nerve called?
Common peroneal nerve
Which structure is being indicated here?
Extensor retinaculum
Which structure is being indicated here?
Flexor retinaculum
Which muscle is being indicated here and what is its function?
Tibalis anteror
Dorsiflexion of the foot
Inversion of the foot
What is the origin and attachment of tibialis anterior?
Arises from the lateral surface of the tibia and the interosseous membrane
Travels through the extensor retinaculum, winds around the medial aspect of the foot and attaches to the base of the first metatarsal and cuneiform bone
Which three muscles’ tendons join to form the calcaneal tendon?
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Which muscle is this and what is its function?
Tibialis posterior
Inverts the foot
Which three leg muscles act to evert the foot?
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus tertius
Where do peroneus longus and peroneus brevis arise?
Proximal end of fibula and distal end of fibula respectively
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Peroneus tertius
Which structure is being indicated here?
Short plantar ligament
Which structure is being indicated here?
Plantar aponeurosis
Which three structures act to maintain the arch of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis
Short plantar ligament
Long plantar ligament
Which structure is being indicated here?
Deep transverse metatarsal ligament
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Extensor hallicus longus
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Extensor digitorum longus
Where do extensor hallicus brevis and extensor digitorum brevis arise?
The anterior part of the calcaneus
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Extensor hallicus brevis
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Extensor digitorum brevis
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Flexor hallicus longus
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Flexor digitorum longus
Which tendons are being indicated here?
Left arrow: flexor hallicus longus
Right arrow: flexor digitorum longus
How many interosseous muscles are in the foot?
7
2 for each of the three middle toes
1 for the small toe
What is the action of the interosseous muscles?
Flexion of the toes at the MP joints
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Flexor digitorum brevis
Which muscle is being indicated here?
Abductor hallicus
