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Anatomy > Lower limb > Flashcards

Lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

The bony prominence at the distal end of which bone gives rise to the medial malleolus?

A

Tibia

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2
Q

Which bones are involved in the knee joint?

A

Patella

Femur

Tibia

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3
Q

Which structures make up the hip bone?

A

Ileum

Ischium

Pubic bones

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4
Q

What is a sesamoid bone and give an example?

A

A bone found within the tendon of a muscle e.g. the patella found in the quadriceps tendon

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5
Q

How many bones are in each section of the foot, proximal - distal?

A

7 tarsal bones

5 metatarsal bones

14 phalanges

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6
Q

What structures make up the hip joint?

A

Articulation between head of the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone

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7
Q

What is the talus?

A

The (tarsal) bone of the foot that articulates with the tibia and fibula to make the ankle joint

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8
Q

What is the calcaneus?

A

“Heel” bone

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9
Q

Which bones make up the ‘hindfoot’?

A

Calcaneus

Talus

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10
Q

Which bones make up the ‘midfoot’?

A

Navicular

Cuboid

Medial cunciform

Intermediate cunciform

Lateral cunciform

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11
Q

Which bones make up the ‘forefoot’?

A

Metatarsals and phalanges

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12
Q

What is the midtarsal joint or transverse talar joint?

A

The joint between the talus, the calcaneus and the other tarsal bones

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13
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

The joint between the talus and the calcaneus

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14
Q

What is the intertrochanteric line?

A

A line between the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur This is the site of attachment of the fibrous capsule

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15
Q

Where do the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament attach?

A

Intercondylar eminence of the tibia Femoral condyles

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16
Q

Where is the deltoid ligament found?

A

Medial aspect of the ankle between the tibia and the talus

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17
Q

What movement do the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh allow?

A

Flexion at hip Extension of knee

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18
Q

What are the insertions of the quadriceps muscle?

A

Tibial tuberosity

Ilium

Body of the femur

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19
Q

What four muscles make up the quadriceps?

A

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

Vastus medialis

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20
Q

Which muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sartorius

Quadriceps

Iliopsoas

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21
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve L2, L3, L4

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22
Q

What movement does the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh allow?

A

Adduction of the hip

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23
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve, L2, L3, L4

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24
Q

How does the obturator nerve travel from the lumbar plexus to the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Through the obturator foramen within the anterior aspect of the pelvis

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25
Q

What movements do the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh allow?

A

Extension of hip

Flexion of knee

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26
Q

Where are the attachments of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Pubic bone (medially)

Shaft of the femur

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27
Q

How many muscles make up the ‘hamstrings’?

A

3

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28
Q

What are the attachments of the hamstrings?

A

Ischial tuberosity

1 attaches to fibula

2 attach to tibia

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29
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve, L4-S3

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30
Q

How does the sciatic nerve travel from the spinal cord to the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Forms in the sacral plexus Passes through the greater sciatic foramen into the gluteal region

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31
Q

What are the extensor retinaculum and what do they do?

A

Ligamentous structures found at the distal end of the lower limb between the fibia and the tibula, holding the tendons in place

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32
Q

What movements do the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg allow?

A

Dorsiflexion at the ankle

Extension of toes

Inversion (at subtalar and midtarsal joints)

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33
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

This is a branch of the sciatic

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34
Q

What movement do the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg allow?

A

Eversion of the foot

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35
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

This is a branch of the sciatic

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36
Q

What movements do the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg allow?

A

Plantar flexion

Inversion

Flexion of toes

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37
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

This is a branch of the sciatic

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38
Q

What are the attachments of the gluteus maximus

A

Femur and ileotibial tract - laterally

Posterior aspect of the ileum

Sacrum

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39
Q

What movement does the gluteus maximus allow?

A

Extension of the hip

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40
Q

Which muscles are revealed when the gluteus maximus is reflected?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

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41
Q

What are the attachments of the gluteus minimus and medius?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

Posterior aspect of ileum

Sacrum

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42
Q

Which movement do the gluteus minimus and the gluteus medius allow?

A

Abduction of the hip

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43
Q

Which movement do the muscles deep to the gluteus minimus and medius allow?

A

External rotation of hip

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44
Q

Which nerve travels through the greater sciatic foramen and supplies the perineum?

A

Pudendal nerve

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45
Q

What is the pisiformis muscle?

A

A named muscle in the deeper muscles of the gluteal area which travels through the greater sciatic foramen

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46
Q

How does the femoral nerve pass into the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Passes through the inguinal ligament

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47
Q

What is the biggest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

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48
Q

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Tibial

This is a branch of the sciatic

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49
Q

Which two nerves does the sciatic nerve become and where does the splitting occur?

A

Common fibular

Tibial

Happens at posterior aspect of knee

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50
Q

What are the names of the branches that the common fibular nerve divides into?

A

Deep and superficial fibular

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51
Q

Where does the common fibular nerve travel in the leg?

A

Winds onto the anterior aspect of the leg around the fibular head

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52
Q

Which nerve is at risk of injury due to compression by plaster cast on the lower leg?

A

Common fibular

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53
Q

What is the name given to the sensory fibres of the femoral nerve which travels down the anterior and medial aspect of the leg?

A

Saphenous nerve

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54
Q

What two arteries does the popliteal nerve divide into?

A

Anterior tibial Posterior tibial

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55
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery become when it reaches the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis

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56
Q

Where can the posterior tibial artery be palpated?

A

Posterior to the medial malleolus

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57
Q

Which arteries supply the hip joint?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral branches of the deep femoral artery Retinacular arterties, branching from the medial circumflex femoral branch, supply the head of the femur

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58
Q

Which arteries are likely to be damaged in a trauma damaging the fibrous capsule of the hip?

A

Retinacular arteries

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59
Q

What is the name of the superficial vein that runs up the medial aspect of the leg?

A

Great saphenous vein

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60
Q

What is the name of the vein that drains emerges from the dorsal venous network and drains the lateral aspect of the leg?

A

Short saphenous vein

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61
Q

Which deep vein does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

62
Q

Which deep vein does the short saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal vein

63
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Deltoid ligament

64
Q

Which vessel is being indicated here?

A

Short saphenous vein

65
Q

Which vessel is being indicated here?

A

Long saphenous vein

66
Q

Which vessel is being indicated here?

A

Popliteal vein

67
Q

Which muscle is the popliteal artery about to pass under here?

A

Soleus

68
Q

Which muscle is indicated in red here?

A

Popliteus

69
Q

Which muscle is the popliteal artery passing superficially to at this point?

A

Popliteus

70
Q

Which branch of the popliteal artery is being shown here and which course does it take from here?

A

Anterior tibial artery

Travels anteriorly

71
Q

Which branch of the popliteal artery is being shown here?

A

Posterior tibial artery

72
Q

Which opening is being indicated here?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

73
Q

Which nerve passes through this foramen?

A

Sciatic nerve

74
Q

What foramen is this and what passes through it?

A

Obturator foramen

Obturator nerves and vessels

75
Q

Which part of the pelvis is being indicated here?

A

Ischeal tuberosity

76
Q

Which part of the pelvis is being indicated here?

A

Pubic tubercle

77
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Piriformis

78
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here and what structure has it just passed though?

A

Piriformis

Greater sciatic foramen

79
Q

What do obturator externus and obturator internus do?

A

They are hip rotators

80
Q

WHere does obturator femoris arise and insert?

A

Arises from ischial tuberosity

Inserts on the neck of the femur posteriorly at the intertrochanteric crest

81
Q

Which group of muscles arise from this area of the ischium and pubis?

A

Hip adductors

82
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here and what is it’s function?

A

Adductor magnus

Adducts the hip

83
Q

What is this gap and what is it’s function?

A

Adductor hiatus

The named blood vessels of the leg pass through this gap anteriorly - posteriorly

84
Q

Which muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Adductor brevis

Adducts the hip

85
Q

Which muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Adductor longus

86
Q

Which muscle is this?

A

Pectineus

87
Q

Which muscle is this?

A

Gracilis

88
Q

Which muscle is the most medial of all the thigh muscles?

A

Gracilis

89
Q

What is the origin and insertion of gracilis?

A

Pubis

Proximal tibia

90
Q

What muscle is this and what is its function?

A

Gluteus minimus

Hip abductor

91
Q

Which muscle is this? (Overlies gluteus minimus)

A

Gluteus medius

92
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A

A dense fibrous sheet that surrounds all the muscles of the thigh

93
Q

What is the name of this thickening of the fascia lata?

A

Iliotibial tract

94
Q

Where does the tensor fascia lata arise and insert?

A

Iliac crest

Iliotibial tract

95
Q

Which three muscles are hip abductors?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fascia lata

96
Q

Which muscle is this?

A

Psoas major

97
Q

Which muscle is this?

A

Iliacus

98
Q

Which hamstring muscle is being indicated here?

A

Biceps femoris (runs to the lateral aspect of the leg)

99
Q

What is this muscle and what is its function?

A

Gluteus maximus

Hip extensor

100
Q

What muscle makes the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

Sartorius

101
Q

What muscle makes the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus

102
Q

What structure makes the superior border of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

103
Q

Which vessel is this?

A

Great/long saphenous vein

104
Q

What is the name given to the femoral vein once it has passed beneath the inguinal ligament on its way to the IVC?

A

External iliac vein

105
Q

What are these two branches of the deep femoral atery called?

A

Lateral circumflex femoral artery

Medial circumflex femoral artery

106
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Femoral nerve (lateral to psoas major)

107
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Obturator nerve (medial to psoas)

108
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the femoral nerve?

A

Iliacus

All four quadriceps

Pectineus

Sartorius

109
Q

Which muscles does the superior gluteal nerve supply?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fascia lata

110
Q

What nerve is gluteus maximus supplied by?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

111
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Sciatic nerve

112
Q

Which structures are being indicated here?

A

Cruciate ligaments

113
Q

What do the cruciate ligaments do?

A

Prevent forwards and backwards movement of the femur on the tibia

114
Q

What structure is being indicated here? (This is a posterior view of the knee)

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

115
Q

Which structures are being indicated here? (Right knee)

A

Lateral/fibular collateral ligament

Medial/tibial collateral ligament

116
Q

Which muscle allows extension of the knee?

A

Quadriceps

117
Q

Which muscles produce flexion at the knee?

A

Hamstrings

Gracilis

Sartorius

118
Q

Which muscle is being shown here? (Posterior view of knee)

A

Popliteus muscle

119
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here? (Posterior view of knee)

A

Plantaris

120
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here? (Posterior aspect of knee)

A

Soleus

121
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Gastrocnemius

122
Q

Which structure is being indicated here and which two muscles join to form this?

A

Calcaneal tendon

Gastrocnemius and soleus

123
Q

What are the names of these lateral and medial arterial branches and which artery are they arising from? (Posterior view of knee)

A

Superior genicular arteries

Branches of popliteal artery

124
Q

Which structure is being indicated here in the popliteal fossa?

A

Sciatic nerve

125
Q

What is this branch of the sciatic nerve called?

A

Tibial nerve

126
Q

What is this branch of the sciatic nerve called?

A

Common peroneal nerve

127
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Extensor retinaculum

128
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Flexor retinaculum

129
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here and what is its function?

A

Tibalis anteror

Dorsiflexion of the foot

Inversion of the foot

130
Q

What is the origin and attachment of tibialis anterior?

A

Arises from the lateral surface of the tibia and the interosseous membrane

Travels through the extensor retinaculum, winds around the medial aspect of the foot and attaches to the base of the first metatarsal and cuneiform bone

131
Q

Which three muscles’ tendons join to form the calcaneal tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius

Plantaris

Soleus

132
Q

Which muscle is this and what is its function?

A

Tibialis posterior

Inverts the foot

133
Q

Which three leg muscles act to evert the foot?

A

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

Peroneus tertius

134
Q

Where do peroneus longus and peroneus brevis arise?

A

Proximal end of fibula and distal end of fibula respectively

135
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Peroneus tertius

136
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Short plantar ligament

137
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Plantar aponeurosis

138
Q

Which three structures act to maintain the arch of the foot?

A

Plantar aponeurosis

Short plantar ligament

Long plantar ligament

139
Q

Which structure is being indicated here?

A

Deep transverse metatarsal ligament

140
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Extensor hallicus longus

141
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Extensor digitorum longus

142
Q

Where do extensor hallicus brevis and extensor digitorum brevis arise?

A

The anterior part of the calcaneus

143
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Extensor hallicus brevis

144
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

145
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Flexor hallicus longus

146
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Flexor digitorum longus

147
Q

Which tendons are being indicated here?

A

Left arrow: flexor hallicus longus

Right arrow: flexor digitorum longus

148
Q

How many interosseous muscles are in the foot?

A

7

2 for each of the three middle toes

1 for the small toe

149
Q

What is the action of the interosseous muscles?

A

Flexion of the toes at the MP joints

150
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Flexor digitorum brevis

151
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Abductor hallicus

Anatomy (22 decks)

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