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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

What is a “functioning” endocrine tumour?

A

May allow secretion of too much hormone

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1
Q

What are endocrine glands responsible for?

A

Manufacture, storage and release of at least 1 hormone

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2
Q

What is a “non-functioning” endocrine tumour?

A

A tumour that results in too little hormone being secreted

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3
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The central core of the cerebrum, with connections to the right and left hemispheres and the midbrain

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4
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Dienchephalon Diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus

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5
Q

Which lies superiorly, the thalamus or the hypothalamus?

A

Thalamus

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6
Q

Which structure lies inferiorly to the hypothalamus?

A

Brain stem - midbrain, pons, medulla

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7
Q

What nerves does the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone transmit and what do they supply?

A

Olfactory - sense of smell

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8
Q

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

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9
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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10
Q

Which two hormones are produced by the axons of the hypothalamic neurones which pass into the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin Vasopressin

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11
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Lutenising hormone Follicle stimulating hormone

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12
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play in regulation of secretions from the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic neurones secrete either releasing hormones to promote secretion or release-inhibitory neurones

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13
Q

Where do the hypothalamic neurones secrete their hormones into?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

Where does the blood from the anterior pituitary drain into?

A

Hypophyseal veins and to the SVC

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15
Q

Which gland is often referred to as the “master gland”?

A

Pituitary gland

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16
Q

What is a goitre?

A

An enlarged thyroid gland

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17
Q

Which chemical does the thyroid gland use to manufacture it’s hormones?

A

Iodine

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18
Q

What are the two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

Triiodothyronine Thyroxine

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19
Q

What do thyroid hormones regulate?

A

Metabolism Stimulation of growth

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20
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

Attached to the thyroid cartilage superiorly Passes the cricoid cartilidge bilaterally Right and left lobe meet at the isthmus on the trachea

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21
Q

Where are the four parathyroid glands located?

A

The posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lobes

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22
Q

What does the parathyroid gland secrete and what does this regulate?

A

Parathyroid hormone This regulates the amount of calcium in blood and bone

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23
Q

Which glands are under pituitary control?

A

Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Gonads

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24
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Left and right, inferior and superior thyroid artery

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25
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Left and right, superior and inferior thyroid veins

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26
Q

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

The islets of langerhans

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27
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Capping the superior ends of the kidneys

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28
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex

29
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Androgens

30
Q

The secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex is under pituitary control?

A

Glucocorticoids

31
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Adrenaline Noradrenaline

32
Q

What arteries supply each adrenal gland?

A

Right and left superior suprarenal artery Right and left middle suprarenal artery Right and left inferior suprarenal artery

33
Q

What are the three paired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Adrenal arteries Renal arteries Gonadal arteries

35
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

Right suprarenal vein - drains into the IVC Left suprarenal vein - drains into the left renal vein

36
Q

Which structure does the pituitary gland lie immediately inferior to?

A

Optic chiasm

37
Q

Which cranial nerve is the optic chiasm formed from?

A

CN2, right and left optic nerve

38
Q

Which route do the optic tracts take once they have crossed in the optic chiasm?

A

They pass posteriorly from the optic chiasm, and after synapsing in the thalamus the next axons in the chain pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex

39
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe

40
Q

What side of the visual field does the nasal retina get information from?

A

Temporal side

41
Q

Where is information from the nasal side of the visual field detected?

A

The temporal retina

42
Q

What effect might a pituitary tumour have on the visual pathway?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

43
Q

What is the transcranial approach to accessing the pituitary fossa surgically?

A

Getting access from the side, under the frontal lobe

44
Q

What is the transsphenoidal approach to accessing the pituitary fossa surgically?

A

Getting access via the nasal cavities and the sphenoid sinus

45
Q

How does the thyroid gland begin its development embyrologically?

A

It begins as a midline proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and the posterior 1/3

46
Q

How does the thyroid gland continue it’s development embryologically (after proliferation at the tongue)?

A

It migrates inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

47
Q

At which embryological stage does the thyroid gland reach it’s final position?

A

Week 7

48
Q

Where are the platysma muscles located?

A

In the superficial fascia immediately deep to the skin on the anterior surface of the neck

49
Q

Which group of muscles do the platysma muscles belong to and which nerve innervates them?

A

The muscles of facial expression Innervated by the facial nerve (CN7)

50
Q

Which fascial compartment in the neck lies deep to the superficial fascia and encloses all other neck compartments?

A

Investing fascia

51
Q

Which two muscles are enclosed within the investing (deep) fascia of the neck?

A

Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid

52
Q

Which fascial compartment of the neck is the thyroid gland located in and what other structures are also contained within it?

A

Pretracheal fascia Also contains: Strap muscle Trachea Oesophagus Recurrent laryngeal nerves

53
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal space located?

A

Between the pretracheal fascia and the prevertebral fascia

54
Q

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastoid process of temporal bone Manubrium of sternum Clavicle

55
Q

Which nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscle?

A

CN X1 - the spinal accessory nerve

56
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheath?

A

Common, then internal carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve Deep cervical lymph nodes

57
Q

Which arteries supply the thyroid gland?

A

Right & left superior and inferior thyroid artries

58
Q

Which artery does the inferior thyroid artery branch from?

A

Subclavian artery

59
Q

Which artery does the superior thyroid artery branch from?

A

External carotid artery

60
Q

Which veins drain the thyroid gland?

A

Right & left superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

61
Q

Which vein does the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

Internal jugular

62
Q

Which vein do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

63
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes Pretracheal node Paratracheal nodes

64
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

A

Under the subclavian artery

65
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

A

Under the arch of the aorta

66
Q

What are the names of the strap muscles?

A

Omohyoid Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid

67
Q

What structure is being indicated here?

A

Thyroid gland

68
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Thyrohyoid

69
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Sternothyroid

70
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Omohyoid

71
Q

Which muscle is being indicated here?

A

Sternohyoid

Anatomy (22 decks)

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