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Anatomy > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12

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2
Q

What is the vertebral body?

A

The weight bearing part of the vertebra

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3
Q

How are vertebral bodies linked to adjacent vertebral bodies?

A

By vertebral discs and ligaments

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4
Q

What does the posterior arch of the vertebra consist of?

A

Pedicles, laminae, transverse processes, spinous process

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5
Q

What are the pedicals of the vertebrae?

A

Bony pillars that attach the vertebral arch to the vertebral body

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6
Q

What are the laminae of the vertebrae?

A

Flat sheets of bone that extend from the pedicle to meet in the midline and form the roof of the posterior arch

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7
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

When combined, all of the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae form the vertebral canal or spinal canal where the spinal cord travels

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8
Q

What is the spinous process of the vertebra?

A

A bony projection that projects posteriorly and provides a site for ligament attachment

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9
Q

What are the transverse processes of the vertebra?

A

Bony projections that extend posterolaterally to provide a site for rib attachment

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10
Q

What are the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebra?

A

Projections extending from the pedicles and laminae to articulate with the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

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11
Q

What two parts of the rib do the costal facets articulate with?

A

Rib head and rib tubercle

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12
Q

What kind of joints are the intervertebral discs?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints

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13
Q

What is the outer layer/component of the intervertebral disc called and what does it consist of?

A

Anulus fibrosus - fibrocartilidge

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14
Q

What is the inner layer/component of the intervertebral disc called and what does it consist of?

A

Nucleus pulposus - soft centre like the pulp in teeth

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15
Q

What is a “slipped disc”?

A

Herniation of the intervertebral disc - the nucleus pulposus herniates through the anulus fibrosis

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16
Q

Which rib is at the level of the sternal angle?

A

Rib 2

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17
Q

What is the name of the process on C2 that allows rotation of the head?

A

Odontoid process

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18
Q

How many “true” ribs are there?

A

6

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19
Q

Which ribs are the false ribs?

A

7-10

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20
Q

Which ribs are the floating ribs?

A

11 & 12

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21
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Support & protection of the organs within the body cavities
Calcium metabolism
Blood cell formation
Attachment for muscles

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22
Q

What is the name given to the process by which “long bones”, e.g. femur, develop?

A

Endochondral ossification

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23
Q

What happens in endochondral ossification?

A

A cartilage “model” of the bone is gradually replaced by bone

24
Q

What is the diaphysis of the developing bone?

A

The shaft

25
Q

What is at the proximal and distal ends of the diaphysis of the developing bone?

A

Epiphysis

26
Q

What is between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of the developing bone?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

27
Q

What is the metaphysis of the developing bone?

A

The small section of diaphysis closest to the growth plate

28
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact

Spongy

29
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Provides bone strength for weight bearing

30
Q

Why does the neck of the femur commonly fracture?

A

Made of less compact bone

31
Q

What is the marrow/medullary cavity of bones?

A

Location of bone marrow, where red blood cells can be made

32
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The outer layer of bone

33
Q

Why is tearing of the periosteum, which occurs in bone fractures, painful?

A

It contains sensory nerve fibres

34
Q

Where is the greater trochanter of the femur?

A

The proximal end of the shaft, superolaterally

35
Q

Where is the lesser trochanter of the femur?

A

The proximal end of the shaft, inferomedially

36
Q

What is the tibial tuberosity?

A

The most medial part of the tibia

37
Q

What are the lateral and medial malleoluses?

A

The bony protruberances of the ankle

38
Q

How many fossae is the brain divided into?

A

3 - anterior, middle, posterior

39
Q

What is the glenoid fossa of the scapula?

A

Where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint

40
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the skull
Bones of the neck
Bones of the trunk

41
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the upper limb
Bones of the pectoral girdle
Bones of the lower limb
Bones of the pelvic girdle

42
Q

What does the zygoma/zygomatic bone form in the facial skeleton?

A

Prominence of the cheek

43
Q

What is the condyle of the mandible?

A

The head and neck - articulation with the temporal bone

44
Q

What is the mental process of the mandible?

A

The chin

45
Q

What is the coronoid process of the mandible?

A

It is inferior to the zygomatic bone and posterior to the maxilla

46
Q

What is the suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bone called?

A

Coronal suture

47
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone?

A

Between the maxilla and the temportal bone

48
Q

Where is the occipital bone?

A

Posterior

49
Q

Where is the sagittal suture?

A

Between the left and right parietal bone

50
Q

What is the Le Fort 1 fracture of the facial skeleton?

A

Fracture across the maxilla

51
Q

What is the Le Fort 3 fracture of the facial skeleton?

A

Complete separation of the facial skeleton from the bones of the neurocranium - above the orbits, below the ears

52
Q

How many verterbrae are there and what are they?

A 
33 in total:
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused to form 1 sacrum)
4 coccygeal (fused to form 4 coccyx)
53
Q

Which joints allow vertebrae to articulate with each other?

A

Facet joints

54
Q

Which two parts of the humerus are easily fractured?

A

The neck

Supra-epicondylar ridges (just proximal to the epicondyles)

55
Q

What are the eight carpal bones in the hand?

A 
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Capitate
Hamate

Anatomy (22 decks)

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