Osteology

Question 1

How many ribs are there?

Answer 1

12

Question 2

What is the vertebral body?

Answer 2

The weight bearing part of the vertebra

Question 3

How are vertebral bodies linked to adjacent vertebral bodies?

Answer 3

By vertebral discs and ligaments

Question 4

What does the posterior arch of the vertebra consist of?

Answer 4

Pedicles, laminae, transverse processes, spinous process

Question 5

What are the pedicals of the vertebrae?

Answer 5

Bony pillars that attach the vertebral arch to the vertebral body

Question 6

What are the laminae of the vertebrae?

Answer 6

Flat sheets of bone that extend from the pedicle to meet in the midline and form the roof of the posterior arch

Question 7

What is the vertebral foramen?

Answer 7

When combined, all of the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae form the vertebral canal or spinal canal where the spinal cord travels

Question 8

What is the spinous process of the vertebra?

Answer 8

A bony projection that projects posteriorly and provides a site for ligament attachment

Question 9

What are the transverse processes of the vertebra?

Answer 9

Bony projections that extend posterolaterally to provide a site for rib attachment

Question 10

What are the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebra?

Answer 10

Projections extending from the pedicles and laminae to articulate with the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

Question 11

What two parts of the rib do the costal facets articulate with?

Answer 11

Rib head and rib tubercle

Question 12

What kind of joints are the intervertebral discs?

Answer 12

Secondary cartilaginous joints

Question 13

What is the outer layer/component of the intervertebral disc called and what does it consist of?

Answer 13

Anulus fibrosus - fibrocartilidge

Question 14

What is the inner layer/component of the intervertebral disc called and what does it consist of?

Answer 14

Nucleus pulposus - soft centre like the pulp in teeth

Question 15

What is a “slipped disc”?

Answer 15

Herniation of the intervertebral disc - the nucleus pulposus herniates through the anulus fibrosis

Question 16

Which rib is at the level of the sternal angle?

Answer 16

Rib 2

Question 17

What is the name of the process on C2 that allows rotation of the head?

Answer 17

Odontoid process

Question 18

How many “true” ribs are there?

Answer 18

6

Question 19

Which ribs are the false ribs?

Answer 19

7-10

Question 20

Which ribs are the floating ribs?

Answer 20

11 & 12

Question 21

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 21

Support & protection of the organs within the body cavities
Calcium metabolism
Blood cell formation
Attachment for muscles

Question 22

What is the name given to the process by which “long bones”, e.g. femur, develop?

Answer 22

Endochondral ossification

Question 23

What happens in endochondral ossification?

Answer 23

A cartilage “model” of the bone is gradually replaced by bone

Question 24

What is the diaphysis of the developing bone?

Answer 24

The shaft

Question 25

What is at the proximal and distal ends of the diaphysis of the developing bone?

Answer 25

Epiphysis

Question 26

What is between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of the developing bone?

Answer 26

Epiphyseal growth plate

Question 27

What is the metaphysis of the developing bone?

Answer 27

The small section of diaphysis closest to the growth plate

Question 28

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 28

Compact | Spongy

Question 29

What is the function of compact bone?

Answer 29

Provides bone strength for weight bearing

Question 30

Why does the neck of the femur commonly fracture?

Answer 30

Made of less compact bone

Question 31

What is the marrow/medullary cavity of bones?

Answer 31

Location of bone marrow, where red blood cells can be made

Question 32

What is the periosteum?

Answer 32

The outer layer of bone

Question 33

Why is tearing of the periosteum, which occurs in bone fractures, painful?

Answer 33

It contains sensory nerve fibres

Question 34

Where is the greater trochanter of the femur?

Answer 34

The proximal end of the shaft, superolaterally

Question 35

Where is the lesser trochanter of the femur?

Answer 35

The proximal end of the shaft, inferomedially

Question 36

What is the tibial tuberosity?

Answer 36

The most medial part of the tibia

Question 37

What are the lateral and medial malleoluses?

Answer 37

The bony protruberances of the ankle

Question 38

How many fossae is the brain divided into?

Answer 38

3 - anterior, middle, posterior

Question 39

What is the glenoid fossa of the scapula?

Answer 39

Where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint

Question 40

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Answer 40

Bones of the skull Bones of the neck Bones of the trunk

Question 41

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 41

Bones of the upper limb Bones of the pectoral girdle Bones of the lower limb Bones of the pelvic girdle

Question 42

What does the zygoma/zygomatic bone form in the facial skeleton?

Answer 42

Prominence of the cheek

Question 43

What is the condyle of the mandible?

Answer 43

The head and neck - articulation with the temporal bone

Question 44

What is the mental process of the mandible?

Answer 44

The chin

Question 45

What is the coronoid process of the mandible?

Answer 45

It is inferior to the zygomatic bone and posterior to the maxilla

Question 46

What is the suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bone called?

Answer 46

Coronal suture

Question 47

Where is the sphenoid bone?

Answer 47

Between the maxilla and the temportal bone

Question 48

Where is the occipital bone?

Answer 48

Posterior

Question 49

Where is the sagittal suture?

Answer 49

Between the left and right parietal bone

Question 50

What is the Le Fort 1 fracture of the facial skeleton?

Answer 50

Fracture across the maxilla

Question 51

What is the Le Fort 3 fracture of the facial skeleton?

Answer 51

Complete separation of the facial skeleton from the bones of the neurocranium - above the orbits, below the ears

Question 52

How many verterbrae are there and what are they?

Answer 52

``` 33 in total: 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused to form 1 sacrum) 4 coccygeal (fused to form 4 coccyx) ```

Question 53

Which joints allow vertebrae to articulate with each other?

Answer 53

Facet joints

Question 54

Which two parts of the humerus are easily fractured?

Answer 54

The neck | Supra-epicondylar ridges (just proximal to the epicondyles)

Question 55

What are the eight carpal bones in the hand?

Answer 55

``` Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezoid Trapezium Capitate Hamate ```