spine Flashcards
how many intervertebral discs
23
starting at C2 / C3 ending at L5/S1
how many spinal nerves
31 pairs
how many cervical spinal nerves
8
functions of spine (5)
protection
stabilization
support/weight bearing
motion
resiliency
what are the 3 types of curves in spine
lordosis - lumbar/cervical
kyphosis - thoracic/ sacral
scoliosis
define kyphosis
excessive outward curve of upper back usually thoracic
define lordosis
excessive INWARD curvature of lumbar spine
disc thickness
cervical discs = thicker anteriorly
thoracic discs = equal thickness
lumbar discs - thicker anteriorly
what is the annulus fibrosis
outer fibrous ring that surrounds the nucleus pulposus
layers of fibrocartliage
highest load =
lifting wrong
lowest load =
lying down
what is the conus medullaris
where spinal cord ends and cauda equina begins
cervical vertebral bodies (in reference to height)
equal height anterior to posterior
thoracic vertebral bodies (thickness)
thicker posteriorly than anteriorly
lumbar vertebral bodies (heights)
heights vary
L1= higher posteriorly
L2= heights are equal
L3-L5 = higher anteriorly
what is the nucleus pulposus
inner gel inside intervertebral disc that acts as shock absorber
what is then intervertebral disc made of
outer fibrous ring called annulus fibrosus that surrounds inner gel center called the nucleus pulposus
what are the 2 types of joint of the spine
FACET - synovial, diarthrosis, plane, uniaxial
INTERVERTEBRAL - cartilaginous, symphysis, amphiarthrosis, triaxial
in C2 to C5, lateral flexion is always accompanied by rotation on the _________
ipsilateral
in T6 to L5, lateral flexion is always accompanied by rotation on the _________
contralateral side
Quadratus Lumborum
O: iliolumbar ligament, internal lip of iliac crest
I: border of 12th rib, TP’s L1-L4
A: extension, lateral flexion, depress 12th rib
N: lumbar plexus
iliacus
O: superior 2/3 iliac fossa, iliac crest, ala of sacrum
I: distal to lesser trochanter
A: flexion/ lateral flexion pf hip joint, anterior pelvic tilt
N: femoral
psoas minor
O: sides of bodies of T12 and L1, intervertebral disc between
I: iliopectineal eminence, arcuate line of ilium, iliac fascia
A: flexion of pelvis
lumbar plexus
psoas minor is absent in __ of people
50%
levator costarum
TP’s C7-T11
ribs 1-12
elevate ribs
dorsal rami spinal nerve
semispinalis thoracis
TP’s T6-T12
SP’S C6-T4
iliocostalis cervicis
O: ribs 3-6
I: TP’s C4-C6
A: extension, lateral flexion
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
iliocostalis lumborum
O: sacrum, iliac crest, supraspinous ligament
I: ribs 7-12
A: extension, lateral flexion
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
iliocostalis thoracis
O: ribs 7-12
I: ribs 1-6, TP C7
A: extension, lateral flexion
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
longissimus capitis
O: TP’s T1-T4 , artic process C5-C7
I: mastoid process
A: extension, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation
N: dorsal rami
longissimus cervicis
O: TP’s T1-T5
I: TP’s C2-C6
A: extension, lateral flexion
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
longissimus thoracis
O: TP’s L1-L5
I: TP’s T1-T12, ribs 4-12
A: extension, lateral flexion
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
spinalis capitis
O: TP’s C7-T6
I: occiput in between nuchal lines
A: extension, ipsilateral rotation
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
spinalis cervicis
O: SP C7
I: SP C2
A: extension
N: dorsal rami
semispinalis capitis
O: TP’s C7-T6
I: occiput between nuchal lines
A: extension, contralateral rotation
N: dorsal rami
semispinalis cervicis
O: TP’S T1-T5
I: SP’S C2-C5
A: extension, contralateral rotation
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
semispinalis thoracis
O: TP’S T6-T12
I: SP’S C6-T4
A: extension, contralateral rotation
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
multifidus cervicis
O: TP’S C4-C7
I: SP’S 2-4 segments above origin
A: extension, contralateral rotation
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
multifidus thoracis
O: TP’s T1-T12
I: SP’s 2-4 segments above origin
A: extension, contralateral rotation
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
multifidus lumborum
O: TP’S L1-L5
I: SP’s 2-4 segments above
A: extension, contralateral rotation
N: dorsal rami
rotatores
O: TP’s of vertebra
I: SP’s and lamina 1-2 segments above origin
A: extension, contralateral rotation
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
interspinales
O: SP’s of vertebrae below
I: TP’s of vertebrae above
A: extension of neck and trunk
N: dorsal rami spinal nerve
intertransversarii
O: TP’s of vertebrae below
I: SP’s of vertebrae above
A: lateral flexion
N: dorsal rami
diaphragm
O: 2 slips down from xiphoid process
ribs 6-12, ribs 6-12 costal cartilages
bodiesof upper lumbar vertebrae
I: central tendon
A: contracts , dome descends, relaxes dome ascends
N:phrenic
latissimus dorsi
O: SP’s T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, ribs 9-12, slip of inferior angle scapula, internal lip iliac crest
I: intertubercular groove of humerus
A: extend, medially rotate adduct GH joint
N:thoracodorsal
how many true vertebrae
24
how many false vertebrae
2 (sacrum and coccyx)
how many intervertebral discs
23 starting at C2-C3 ending at L5-S1
what nerve goes through C7 and T1
C8 nerve root
definition of scoliosis
lateral deviation of spine
kyphosis usually happens where
thoracic
what do the superior vertebral notch and inferior vertebral notch form
intervertebral foramen
where is the last intervertebral disc facet
L5
