Spinal Localization Flashcards
What is the vertebral anatomy of dogs and cats?
7C, 13T, 7L, 3S
Which vertebrae are fused in dogs and cats?
Sacral vertebrae
What are spinal cord nerve segments named by?
According to where the spinal nerve exits, not where the neurons live
How many cervical spinal cord segments and nerves are there?
8 (vs only 7 vertebrae)
Does the spinal cord or vertebrae end first?
Spinal cord
Spinal cord segments are located _____to the vertebrae of the same name
Cranial
Axons in the white matter
Upper motor neurons
Peripheral nerves to muscle
Lower motor neurons
Loss of proprioception and voluntary movements are assoc. w/disease in which motor neuron segment?
Upper
How does an UMN disease affect the LMN system?
Loss of “descending inhibition” = hypertonia/hyperreflexia
Proprioceptive deficits, no voluntary motor control, hypotonia and hyporeflexia are assoc. w/disease in which motor neuron segment?
Lower
Which spinal cord segment has white matter tracts to all 4 limbs?
C1-C5
Which spinal cord segment contains the cervical intumescence and has white matter tracts to the back limbs?
C6-T2
Which spinal cord segment has white matter tracts to the back limbs only?
T3-L3
Which spinal cord segment contains the lumbar intumescence?
L4-S1
What are intumescences?
Location where LMN cell bodies to a limb live
Proprioceptive deficits, paresis/paralysis in all limbs and increased reflexes and tone in all limbs is assoc. w/a lesion in which region?
C1-C5
CP deficits, paresis/paralysis, decr. reflexes and tone to front limbs but increased reflexes and tone in hind limbs are assoc. w/a lesion in which region?
C6-T2
Where is LMN for the sympathetic input to the eye located?
C8-T12 (in the cervical intumescence)
What are clinical signs of Horner’s syndrome?
Miosis, ptosis, enophthalmus, 3rd eyelid prolapse
If you have a lesion in C8-T12, which side will the Horner’s syndrome eye be on?
Ipsilateral sign
Normal front legs but CP deficits, paresis/paralysis, and incr. reflexes and tone in back legs are assoc. w/a lesion in which region?
T3-L3
Normal front legs but CP deficits, paresis/paralysis, and decr. reflexes and tone in back legs are assoc. w/a lesion in which region?
L4-S1
Which system of bladder innervation is clinically the most important?
Somatic system
Where is the LMN portion of somatic control to the bladder?
S1-S3
What part of the bladder does the somatic LMN control?
External urethral sphincter (voluntary control)
How is the external urethral sphincter affected by UMN disease?
Spastic, bladder is full and difficult to express
How is the external urethral sphincter affected by LMN disease?
Flaccid, bladder does not completely fill b/c urine dribbles out, easy to express
Where are anal sphincter LMNs located?
S1-S3
How will LMN disease affect anal sphincter tone?
Decreased tone
How will UMN disease affect anal sphincter tone?
Spasticity/increased (usually not recognized)
Hyperreflexia of spinal reflexes and increased muscle tone are assoc. w/which type of lesion?
UMN
Decreased/absent spinal reflexes and decreased muscle tone are assoc. w/which type of lesion?
LMN
If all 4 limbs show UMN signs, where is the lesion?
C1-C5
LMN signs to thoracic limbs and UMN signs to hind limbs, where is the lesion?
C6-T2
UMN to hind limbs w/normal thoracic limbs, where is the lesion?
T3-L3
LMN signs in pelvic limbs, anus, and bladder w/normal thoracic limbs, where is the lesion?
L4-S4
Dribbling urine, dropping feces, where is the lesion?
L4-S4
If an animal hasn’t had deep pain sensation for 24h, what is the prognosis?
Poor
Which nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the bladder?
Hypogastric
