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Anatomy - Year One > Spinal Cord and Meninges > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

What nervous system is the spinal cord a part of?

A

The central nervous system

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2
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

A

Major reflex centre and conduction pathway between the brain and the body

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3
Q

Where does the adult spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins: Medulla oblongata
Ends: L1/L2

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4
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in children?

A

L3

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5
Q

Compare the spinal cord and vertebral canal in the feotus

A

Almost equal length

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6
Q

What do remaining spinal nerves in adults form?

A

Vertebral canal grows and cord ends at L1-L2 level in adults

Remaining spinal nerves form cauda equina

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7
Q

What is the conus medullarise?

A

Conical inferior end of spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Bundle of spinal nerve roots that resembles a horse tail

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9
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Continuation of pia matter (internum) that extends from the terminal end of the spinal cord to the tailbone.

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10
Q

How can you histologically differentiate grey matter?

A

H shaped - cell bodies are located here

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11
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Axons

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12
Q

What are nissl bodies made up from?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell bodies

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13
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal?

A

Through intervertebral foramen

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14
Q

What do ventral rami form?

A

Nerve plexuses that supply the brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus

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15
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply?

A

Upper limb

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16
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate from?

A

The ventral rami of the C5-T1

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17
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus supply?

A

Lower limb

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18
Q

Where does the lumbosacral plexus originate from?

A

L1, L2, L3, L4

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19
Q

What does the ventral/anterior rami supply?

A

Anterolateral part of the trunks and limb

Mixed fibres

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20
Q

What does the dorsal/posterior rami supply?

A

The facet joints, deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back.

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21
Q

What type of fibres are in a spinal nerve?

A

Sensory
Motor
Sympathetic

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22
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.

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23
Q

What are the meninges made from?

A

Fibrous tissue

24
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Top, tough layer - dura matter
Middle - archanoid matter
Bottom - pia matter

25
Q

Where can cerebrospinal fluid (CBS) be found?

A

Between the arachnoid and pia matter

subarachnoid space

26
Q

What is the space between the dura matter and vertebral body?

A

Epidural space - contains fat, the dural sac, spinal nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue

27
Q

What connects the arachnoid and pia matter?

A

Arachnoid trebeculae - delicate strands of connective tissue

28
Q

Discuss the vascularation of the meninges

A

Dura mater - vascular
Archnoid mater - avascular
Pia mater - very vascular, has blood vessels that supplies spinal cord

29
Q

What is the ligament that comes off the pia matter?

A

Denticulate ligament

30
Q

What is the role of the denticulate ligament?

A

Stabilize the spinal cord within the vertebral canal/supports the spinal cord in the subarachnoid space

31
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

The subarachnoid space is the interval between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

32
Q

What is the role of the filium terminali?

A

The filum terminale helps to anchor the spinal cord in place.

33
Q

What is the dural sac?

A

Membranous sheath of dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord and the cauda equina.

34
Q

What is the dural sac filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid and all the cauda equina nerve roots.

35
Q

Where does the dural sac end?

A

Terminates at S2 vertebral level

36
Q

What is the dural sac attached to?

A

The tip of the coccyx by filum terminale externum

37
Q

What are the two outflows of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic outflow
Parasympathetic outflow

38
Q

What is another name for sympathetic outflow?

A

Thoracocolumbar outflow

39
Q

What are the root values for thoracolumbar outflow?

A

T1-L2

40
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic outflow located?

A

Lateral horn of grey matter

41
Q

What is another name for parasympathetic outflow?

A

Craniosacral outflow

Crania outflow from brain
Sacral outflow from pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-S4)

42
Q

What happens if there is a deficiency of blood supply to the spinal cord?

A

Ischemia, muscle weakness and paralysis

43
Q

Discuss the venous drainage of the spinal cord

A

Drains into the internal vertebral venous plexuses.

Will then drain into cerebral dural venous sinuses

44
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spinal cord?

A

Via three longitudinal arteries – the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries.

45
Q

What is the anterior spinal artery formed from?

A

Formed from branches of the vertebral arteries.

They travel in the anterior median fissure.

46
Q

What do the paired posterior spinal arteries originate from and what do they do?

A

Originate from the vertebral artery or the posteroinferior cerebellar artery.

They anastamose with one another in the pia mater.

47
Q

What are venous plexuses of the spinal cord formed by?

A

By spinal veins along the vertebral column, both inside and outside the vertebral canal.

48
Q

What are the names of the two venous plexuses of the vertebral column?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus (or the epidural venous plexus)

External vertebral venous plexuses

49
Q

How do the venous plexuses communicate?

A

Through the intervertebral foramina

50
Q

How can infection/cancer impact the spinal cord?

A

Can spread to vertebrae/spinal cord/brain/ skull from other parts of the body

51
Q

What types of injuries can the spinal cord endure?

A

Blunt trauma
Penetrating injuries

52
Q

What can cause compression of the spinal cord?

A

Disc prolapse or bone mestastasis from a primary cancer/stenosis of the vertebral canal

53
Q

What can compression of the spinal cord lead to?

A

Complete or partial loss of motor function and sensation (including distruption of autonomic function) and pain

54
Q

Where does lumbar puncture occur in adults?

A

The subarachnoid L4-5 interspace

55
Q

Where does lumbar puncture occur in children?

A

At or below the L4 level. The L4 landmark in older children - the line of the top of the iliac crests.

56
Q

When are lumbar punctures needed?

A

Testing of the cerebrospinal fluid - looking for infectious diseases of the brain and spinal cord, including meningitis and encephalitis.

57
Q

What is the lumbar location for epidural anesthesia?

A

Outside of the dura matter - needle does not penetrate

Anatomy - Year One (26 decks)

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