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Anatomy - Year One > Respiratory - Bones of the Thorax > Flashcards

Respiratory - Bones of the Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the thorax?

A

Thoracic vertebrae
Twelve pairs of ribs
The Sternum

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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3
Q

What is the role of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Protect the internal viscera – such as the heart, lungs and oesophagus.

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4
Q

What are the joints of the thoracic vertebrae divided up into?

A

Joints present throughout the vertebral column
Joints unique to the thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

What are the two types of joints present throughout the vertebral column?

A

Between vertebral bodies
Between vertebral arches

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6
Q

Describe the joint found between vertebral bodies

A

Adjacent vertebral bodies are joined by intervertebral discs, made of fibrocartilage.

This is a type of cartilaginous joint, known as a symphysis.

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7
Q

Describe the joint found between vertebral arches

A

Formed by the articulation of superior and inferior articular processes from adjacent vertebrae.

It is a synovial plane type joint.

Also called a facet joint.

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8
Q

What joint is unique to the thoracic spine?

A

The articulations between the vertebrae and the ribs are unique to the thoracic spine.

For each rib, there are two separate articulations – costovertebral and costotransverse.

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9
Q

What is a costovertebral joint?

A

Each costovertebral joint consists of the head of the rib articulating with:

Superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra

Inferior costal facet of the superior vertebra

Intervertebral disc separating the two vertebrae

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10
Q

What is a costotransverse joint?

A

The articulation of transverse processes of a thoracic vertebra and the tubercle of the adjacent rib.

They are present in all vertebrae except T11 and T12.

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11
Q

What are the charactaristic features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Vertebral body is heart shaped.

Presence of demi-facets on the sides of each vertebral body – these articulate with the heads of the ribs.

The spinous processes are long and slant inferiorly. This offers increased protection to the spinal cord, preventing an object such as a knife entering the spinal canal.

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12
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae of the thoracic vertebral column?

A

T1
T10
T11 & T12

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13
Q

Why is T1 atypical?

A

Superior facet is not a demifacet, as this is the only vertebrae to articulate with the 1st rib.

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14
Q

Why is T10 atypical?

A

A single pair of whole facets is present which articulate with the 10th rib. These facets are located across both the vertebral body and the pedicle.

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15
Q

Why are T11 and T12 atypical?

A

Each have a single pair of entire costal facets, which are located on the pedicles.

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16
Q

Discuss the movement of the thoracic spine

A

Thoracic spine is considered to have a restricted range of motion (ROM) during flexion and extension compared with that of cervical and lumbar spine.

ROM of thoracic spine is restricted by the rib cage.

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17
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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18
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs that attach directly to the sternum

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19
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs attached to the costal cartilage superior than them

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20
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

Ribs that do not attach to the sternum

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21
Q

What are the true, false and floating ribs?

A

True: 1 - 7
False: 8 - 10
Floating: 11 - 12

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22
Q

What are the functions of the ribs?

A

The rib cage protects the organs in the thoracic cavity, assists in respiration, and provides support for the upper extremities.

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23
Q

What do the ribs do during inspiration and expiration?

A

During inspiration the ribs are elevated, and during expiration the ribs are depressed.

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24
Q

Which ribs are atypical?

A

Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12

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25
Q

Why is rib 1 atypical?

A

Is shorter and wider than the other ribs.

It only has one facet on its head for articulation with its corresponding vertebra (there isn’t a thoracic vertebra above it).

The superior surface is marked by two grooves, which make way for the subclavian vessels.

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26
Q

Why is rib 10 atypical?

A

It only has one facet – for articulation with its numerically corresponding vertebra.

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27
Q

Why are ribs 11 and 12 atypical?

A

Ribs 11 and 12 have no neck, and only contain one facet, which is for articulation with their corresponding vertebra.

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28
Q

What type of cartilage can be found between the anterior ends of the ribs and the sternum?

A

Costal cartilage - bars of hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

What provides innervation to the costovertebral joints?

A

Lateral branches of the posterior rami of C8-T11 spinal nerves

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30
Q

What provides blood supply to costovertebral joints?

A

Supreme intercostal, posterior intercostal arteries 1-10

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31
Q

Discuss single rib articulation

A

A single rib articulates with two vertebral bodies and one vertebral transverse process.

VB - same number as rib and above
VTP - same number as rib

EG - Rib 5 articulates with the body of T5 vertebra as well as the body of T4 vertebra.

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32
Q

What bones form the boundaries for the thoracic inlet?

A
  • T1 Vertebra
  • 1st pair of ribs laterally
  • Costal cartilage of 1st rib
  • Superior border of manubrium
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33
Q

What bones form the boundaries for the thoracic outlet?

A
  • 12th thoracic vertebra
  • 11 and 12th pair of ribs laterally
  • Costal cartilage of ribs 7-10
  • Xiphisternal joint
34
Q

What ribs/costal cartilages form the costal margin and the subcostal angle?

A

Ribs 7-10

35
Q

What is the role of the sternum?

A

Protect organs of torso such as heart and lungs.

36
Q

What are the three main parts of a sternum?

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
37
Q

What are the main joints of the sternum?

A
  • Sternomanubrial joint
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Sternocostal joint
38
Q

What type of joint is the sternomanubrial joint?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)

39
Q

What is the vertebral level of the sternomanubrial joint?

A

T4

40
Q

What is the sternal angle an important landmark for?

A

Bifurcation of trachea at T4

41
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint

42
Q

What is unique about the sternoclavicular joint?

A

The only joint that directly connects the upper trunk of the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton of the trunk

43
Q

What innervates the the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Medial supraclavicular nerve, nerve to subclavius

44
Q

What provides blood supply to the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Suprascapular artery, internal thoracic artery

45
Q

What are the movements of the sternum?

A

Elevation - depression
Protraction - retraction
Axial rotation

46
Q

What type of joint is the sternocostal joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

47
Q

What type of joint is the sternocostal joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

48
Q

The first sternocostal joint is an exception, what type of joint is it?

A

Primary cartilaginous joint

49
Q

What provides innervation to the sternocostal joint?

A

Intercostal nerve

50
Q

What provides blood supply to the sternocostal joint?

A

Internal thoracic artery

51
Q

What is the movement of the sternocostal joint?

A

Sternochondral joint 1: almost no movement
Sternochondral joints 2-7: translation, mainly superinferiorly

52
Q

What are the articular surfaces of all sternocostal joints lined by?

A

Fibrocartilage

53
Q

What can be found in the costal groove of a rib?

A

The posterior intercostal artery and the intercostal nerves

54
Q

What is the intercostal space?

A

Space located between the ribs

55
Q

What are the layers of muscles in the intercostal space?

A

External intercostal - inferoanterior muscle fibre direction - towards pocket

Internal intercostal - inferoposterior muscle fibre

Innermost intercostal -

56
Q

Where do the neurovascular bundle of the intercostal muscles lie?

A

Between the internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles

57
Q

How is the neurovascular bundle of the intercostal muscles organised?

A

VAN

Veins
Arteries
Nerves

58
Q

What replaces the exterior and interior intercostal muscles?

A

Exterior intercostal membranes and interior intercostal membranes

59
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thoracic wall?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries (branch mainly off of descending thoracic aorta)

Anterior intercostal arteries (branch off of internal thoracic artery)

Branches of axillary arteries

60
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thoracic wall?

A

Azygos
Hemiazygous accessory hemiazygous venous system and internal thoracic veins

61
Q

What does the azygos vein drain into?

A

The superior vena cava

62
Q

What drains into the azygos vein?

A

Accessory hemiazygos vein
Hemizygos vein

63
Q

Where does the left side of the chest wall drain into?

A

Thoracic duct -> left subclavian vein

64
Q

Where does the right side of the chest wall drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct -> right subclavian vein

65
Q

Where does the breast drain into?

A

Axillary lymph node
Parasternal lymph node
Abdominal lymph node

66
Q

What does the sternal angle separate?

A

Superior and inferior mediastinum

67
Q

How can the inferior mediastinum be divided up further?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

68
Q

What are the three peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
Xiphoid process of the sternum

69
Q

What is the one central attachment of the diaphragm?

A

Central tendon

70
Q

What are the left and right crura?

A

The parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae and are tendionious in structure

71
Q

Where does the right crus arise from?

A

L1-L3

72
Q

Where does the left crus arise from?

A

L1-L2 and their IV discs

73
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

74
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?

A

Contracts and descends (domes flatten) increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

75
Q

What does the diaphragm do during expiration?

A

Relaxes, thoracic volume decreases

76
Q

What are the three openings of the diaphragm?

A

Caval opening - T8
Oesophageal hiatus - T10
Aortic hiatus - T12

77
Q

What passes through the caval opening?

A

Inferior vena cava
Right phrenic nerve

78
Q

What passes through the oesophageal opening?

A

Oesophagus
Both vagus nerves

79
Q

What passes through the aortic hiatus?

A

Aorta
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Thoracic duct

80
Q

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

Anterior rami of C3-5

Mainly C5

81
Q

What are motor functions of the phrenic nerve?

A

Pierces and innervates the diaphragm from its inferior surface

82
Q

What are the sensory functions?

A

Supplies the central part of the diaphragm

Anatomy - Year One (26 decks)

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