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Anatomy - Year One > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of nerves exist?

A

31, 5 regions

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2
Q

What are the regions of the nerves?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

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3
Q

Why are there 7 cervical vertebrae but 8 cervical nerves?

A

(C1) comes out rostral to the first cervical vertebra and cervical nerve 8 (C8) comes out caudal to the seventh cervical vertebra.

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4
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Network of nerves

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5
Q

What do the nerves that supply the upper and lower limbs originate in?

A

Plexuses

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6
Q

What is an afferent nerve?

A

Sensory

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7
Q

What is an efferent nerve?

A

Motor

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8
Q

What is the anterior root of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral

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9
Q

What is the posterior root of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal

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10
Q

What type of nerves do dorsal roots carry?

A

Sensory/afferent

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11
Q

What type of nerve do ventral roots carry?

A

Motor/efferent

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12
Q

What type of nerves do spinal nerves carry?

A

Sensory and motor

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13
Q

What type of spinal nerves does rami/ramus carry?

A

Sensory and motor

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14
Q

Where do the sensory nerves give sensation to?

A

The skin

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15
Q

What do motor nerves supply?

A

Muscle

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16
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A group of muscles that is innervated by the motor fibres that stem from a specific nerve root is called a myotome.

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17
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of the skin that is innervated by the sensory fibers that stem from a specific nerve root is called a dermatome.

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18
Q

What is cutaneous innervation?

A

Cutaneous innervation is an area of the skin innervated by a specific cutaneous nerve.

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19
Q

In the limbs, are dermatome maps the same as cutaneous maps?

A

No

Nerves in the limbs are a combination of fibres from different spinal nerves because of plexuses

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20
Q

What are the different structures that make up a neuron?

A

Axon
Soma
Dendrite
Dendrite terminal

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21
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

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22
Q

What are the four types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

What are the coverings of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

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24
Q

What do the axons of the peripheral nervous system do?

A

The axons of neurons are grouped together to form nerves.

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25
Q

What does the do epineurium?

A

Surrounds the entire nerve

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26
Q

Structure of the epineurium

A

Contains numerous small blood vessels, which supply the nerve fibres. Epineurium appears on the nerve as it exits the intervertebral foramen. It is created by the fusion of the arachnoid and pia mater, which are layers of the meninges.

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27
Q

What is perineurium?

A

Surrounds a fascicle, which is a collection of neurones.

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28
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Surrounds the axon of an individual neurone

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29
Q

What are the major types of neurons?

A

Bipolar
Multipolar
Unipolar
Pseudounipolar

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30
Q

What are the bipolar neurons?

A

These neurones have two processes arising from a central cell body – typically one axon and one dendrite. These cells are found in the retina.

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31
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

They have one axon and many dendrites, with a cell body displaced to one side of the axon. Motor neurones are a prime example of this.

32
Q

What are the pseudounipolar neurons?

A

They have one axon which is divided into two branches by the presence of the cell body.

33
Q

What is the classification of sensory neurons?

A

Sensory neurones are all pseudounipolar.

34
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

The cell body is at one end of a single unbranched axon, and there are no dendrites. These can be found in the cochlear nucleus of the brain.

35
Q

What is myelin made up of?

A

Lipid and protein substance

36
Q

What secretes myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes - CNS
Schwann cells - PNS

37
Q

What is the function of myelin sheath?

A

Increase the velocity of impulse conduction (insulation)

38
Q

How many myotomes can be involved in spinal segments?

A

Multiple

39
Q

What type of neurons are most neurons?

A

Multipolar

40
Q

What is the clinical relevance of dermatomes and myotomes?

A

Useful to test motor or sensory loss of one or more spinal nerves/segments by testing joint movements or an area of skin in neurological disorders.

41
Q

What is a motor end plate?

A

The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell.

The motor endplate is immediate across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal.

Neuromuscular junction.

42
Q

What to peripheral nerves only contain?

A

Axons

43
Q

What is a fascicle of a nerve?

A

A collection of neurones.

44
Q

Where is T2?

A

Level of manibrusternal angle

45
Q

How can you differentiate a peripheral nerve from CNS grey matter?

Histologically

A

Peripheral nerve has axons/fascicles

45
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

The combination of an individual motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

46
Q

What are the two sections of the nervous system?

A

Central NS - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral NS- 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia

47
Q

Where is the T10 dermatome?

A

Umbilicus

48
Q

Where is the T4 nerve?

A

At the level of the nipples

49
Q

What are the sections of the somatic nervous system?

A

Motor/efferent - voluntary control
Sensory/afferent - pain/touch/temp ect

50
Q

What is the function of a somatic motor fibre?

A

Regulates control of body movements via skeletal muscles

51
Q

What is the function of the somatic sensory fibre?

A

General sensation (pain, touch, temperature, proprioception ect)

52
Q

What does injury to the ventral root of the spinal nerve cause?

A

Motor loss

53
Q

What does injury to the dorsal root of the spinal nerve cause?

A

Sensory loss

54
Q

What does injury to the spinal nerve cause?

A

Motor and sensory loss

55
Q

What does injury to the rami of the spinal nerve cause?

A

Both motor and sensory loss

56
Q

What does injury to the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve cause?

A

Motor and sensory loss of anterolateral trunk and limbs

57
Q

What does injury to the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve cause?

A

Motor and sensory loss of the back

57
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply?

A

Upper limb

58
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus supply?

A

Lower limb - L1-S4

59
Q

Root value of brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

60
Q

What is inside the dorsal root ganglia?

A

Cell body of sensory neurons

61
Q

What type of fibres are found in the spinal nerve?

A

Motor, sensory and sympathetic fibres

62
Q

Where does the spinal nerve exit?

A

Through intervertebral foramen

63
Q

What does spinal nerve compression cause?

A

Back pain

64
Q

What supports the trunk?

A

Ventral rami

65
Q

What is the somatic reflex action?

A

The neural pathway that occurs from the initial sensing of a stimulus to the response, such as the moving of a limb

66
Q

What type of neurons senses the external stimulus in the somatic reflex arc?

A

General sensory somatic fibres

67
Q

CLINICAL

Injury to what nerve causes wrist drop?

A

Radial nerve, extensor weakness

68
Q

What do the muscles of the arm and forearm do?

A

Extensors of elbow and wrist

69
Q

What causes drop foot?

A

The nerve (deep fibular (peroneal) nerve) that supplies the anterior compartment of the foot is damaged.

No dorsiflexion as the anterior part of the leg causes it.

70
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the nerve?

A

The deep fibular (peroneal) nerve supplies the leg.

71
Q

What is winged scapula?

A

When muscles of the scapula are too weak or paralysed, causing the medial or lateral borders of the scapula to protrude from back

72
Q

What is damaged in the winged scapula?

A

Nerve supplying serratus anterior

73
Q

Describe the post and preganglionic nerves of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Short preganglionic
Long post ganglionic

Anatomy - Year One (26 decks)

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