Muscles

Question 1

What are the functions of muscles?

Answer 1

Movement - skeleton, intestines (peristalsis), heart
Static support
Heat production

Question 2

What are the types of muscle?

Answer 2

Skeletal
Heart
Smooth

Question 3

Where can you find the skeletal muscle and what does it do?

Answer 3

Attached to tendon
Locomotion
Voluntary control

Question 4

Where can you find cardiac muscle and what does it do?

Answer 4

Myocardium
Involved in blood circulation
Involuntary control

Question 5

Where can you find cardiac muscle and what does it do?

Answer 5

Myocardium
Involved in blood circulation
Involuntary control

Question 6

Where can you find smooth muscle and what does it do?

Answer 6

Walls of vessels and organs
Move substances and restrict flow
Involuntary control

Question 7

What is the epimysium of the skeletal muscle?

Answer 7

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounds the skeletal muscle

Question 8

What is the perimysium of the skeletal muscle?

Answer 8

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds s bundle of muscle fibres

Question 9

What is the endomysium of the skeletal muscle?

Answer 9

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fibre

Question 10

What is a tendon?

Answer 10

A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Question 11

What is a ligament?

Answer 11

A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Question 12

What is aponeurosis?

Answer 12

A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment.

Lay flat in the abdomen, covering the abdominal wall

Mainly made up of collagen fibres

Question 13

Where can you find aponeurosis?

Answer 13

Aponeuroses are connective tissues found on the surface of pennate muscles and are in close association with muscle fascicles.

Question 14

What is a parallel muscle?

Answer 14

Fascicles that run parallel to one another, and the contraction of these muscle groups act as an extension of the contraction of a single muscle fibre.

Question 15

What is a pennate muscle?

Answer 15

A muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. These types of muscles generally allow better stabilization and force production but less flexibility.

Question 16

Features of tendons and aponeuroses

Answer 16

Dense fibrous connective tissue
Do not shorten
Can alter force direction
Some muscles share a common tendon

Question 17

What joints do muscles act on?

Answer 17

The joints they pass over
Some muscles pass over more than one joint

Question 18

What are examples of muscles working together?

Answer 18

Elbow joint
Shoulder joint
Hand

Question 19

How do muscles in the elbow joint work together?

Answer 19

Flexors and extensors working in opposition

Question 20

How do shoulder joint muscles work together?

Answer 20

Stabilised by joint action of rotator cuff muscles

Question 21

What are muscle compartments?

Answer 21

Compartments are groupings of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels in your arms and legs.

Question 22

What covers muscle compartments and what is its role?

Answer 22

Fascia.

The role of the fascia is to keep the tissues in place, and, therefore, the fascia does not stretch or expand easily

Question 23

What nerves supply muscles?

Answer 23

Muscles of the same compartment usually supplied by the same nerve

Example: Radial nerve supplies all extensors in the upper limb

Question 24

Where do axial muscles originate from?

Answer 24

Axial muscles originate from the trunk and head

Question 25

Where do appendicular muscles originate from?

Answer 25

Appendicular muscles originate from limbs and stabilise the movement of pectoral and pelvic girdles

Question 26

What is the role of anterior muscle compartments of the arm?

Answer 26

Anterior muscle compartment of the arm - flexor muscles

Question 27

What is the role of anterior muscle compartments of the arm?

Answer 27

Posterior muscle compartments of the arm - extensor muscles

Question 28

What supplies muscles of the same compartment?

Answer 28

Muscles of the same compartment are supplied by the same nerve

Question 29

What supplies all extensor muscles of the upper limb?

Answer 29

Radial nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm

Question 30

What are the flexors of the arm?

Answer 30

Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis

Question 31

What are the extensors of the arm?

Answer 31

Triceps brachii

Question 32

What supplies flexor muscles of the upper arm?

Answer 32

Musculocutaneous nerve

Question 33

What supplies all flexor muscles of the forearm?

Answer 33

Median and ulner nerves

Question 34

What supplies the whole upper limb?

Answer 34

A network of nerves called the brachial plesxus

Question 35

What is the brachial plexus?

Answer 35

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that gives rise to all the motor and sensory nerves of the upper extremity.

Question 36

Where does the brachial plexus originate from?

Answer 36

This plexus arises from the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 that undergo several mergers and splits into trunks and divisions, until they finally give rise to their terminal branches.

Question 37

What are some branches of the brachial plexus?

Answer 37

The musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median and ulnar nerves.

Question 38

Where can the brachial plexus be found?

Answer 38

Under the clavicle in a diagonal line

Question 39

How is the brachial plexus organised?

Answer 39

'Rugby Teams Don't Cover Bruises' (standing for: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches)

Question 40

How do flexor and extensor muscle groups work?

Answer 40

In pairs

Question 41

What is an agonist muscle?

Answer 41

Prime mover/muscle that contracts

Question 42

What is an antagonist muscle?

Answer 42

Muscle that relaxes

Question 43

What is a fixator muscle?

Answer 43

Muscle that stabalises

Question 44

What is a synergist muscle?

Answer 44

A muscle that augments the action of the agonist

Question 45

When flexing the elbow, what muscles act as the agonist, antagonist, fixator and synergist?

Answer 45

Agonist: bicep Antagonist: tricep Fixator: deltoid Synergist: Brachialis

Question 46

What side of the forearm is responsible for pronation?

Answer 46

Anterior

Question 47

What side of the forearm is responsible for supination?

Answer 47

Posterior

Question 48

How many flexors and pronators are in the forearm?

Answer 48

8 - act to flex the wrist and digits

Question 49

How many extensors and supinators are in the forearm?

Answer 49

10 - act to extend the wrist and digits

Question 50

What muscle is responsible for the flexion of the forearm?

Answer 50

Brachioradialis

Question 51

What muscle is part of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

Answer 51

Brachioradialis

Question 52

Give a summary of the upper limb muscle compartments

Answer 52

Upper Arm: Flexors - anterior portion, musculocutaneous nerve Extensors - posterior portion, radial nerve Forearm: Flexors - anterior portion, median and ulnar nerve Extensors - posterior portion, radial nerve

Question 53

What are the three gluteal muscles?

Answer 53

Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus

Question 54

What do gluteal muscles act on?

Answer 54

Hip joint

Question 55

What is the role of the gluteus maximus?

Answer 55

Extension of the hip joint and lateral rotation

Question 56

What is the role of the gluteus medius and minimus?

Answer 56

Abduction of the hip joint and medial rotation

Question 57

What physical movements do the gluteus maximus help with?

Answer 57

Getting up from a chair Walking Running Climbing stairs

Question 58

What nerve innervates the gluteal muscles?

Answer 58

Sciatic nerve

Question 59

What are the three compartments of the thigh?

Answer 59

Anterior Posterior Medial

Question 60

What is the posterior muscle group of the thigh, what nerve is it innervated by and what is its role?

Answer 60

Hamstrings Sciatic Nerve Flexion of knee

Question 61

What is the posterior muscle group of the thigh, what nerve is it innervated by and what is its role?

Answer 61

Quadriceps Femoral Nerve Extension of Knee

Question 62

What is the medial muscle group of the thigh, what nerve is it innervated by and what is its role?

Answer 62

Adductors Obturator nerve Adduction of thigh at hip joint

Question 63

What are the muscles that make up the hamstrings?

Answer 63

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris muscles

Question 64

What are the muscles that make up the quadriceps?

Answer 64

Rectus femoris, the vastus lateralis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus medialis.

Question 65

What are the muscles that make up the adductor muscles of the thigh?

Answer 65

Gracilis, obturator externus, adductor brevis, adductor longus and adductor magnu

Question 66

Why are extensors and flexors on different sides in the thighs and the arm?

Answer 66

During weeks 6-8 of fetal development, the upper limb rotates laterally while the lower limb rotates laterally

Question 67

What are the three compartments of the leg muscles?

Answer 67

Anterior Posterior Lateral

Question 68

What are leg muscles innervated by?

Answer 68

Sciatic nerve

Question 69

What are the anterior leg muscles and what is their role?

Answer 69

Dorsiflexion that are responsible for (dorsi)flexion on the ankle joint

Question 70

What is the posterior leg muscle and what is their role of posterior leg muscles?

Answer 70

Plantarflexors which are responsible for the extension of the ankle joint

Question 71

What are the lateral muscles of the leg muscles and what do they do?

Answer 71

Evertors which help with eversion of the foot at the ankle joint

Question 72

Summary of the lower limb

Answer 72

Thigh: Extensors: anterior, quadriceps, femoral nerve Flexors: posterior, hamstrings, sciatic nerve Adductors: medial, adductor, obturator nerve Leg: Sciatic nerve Dorsiflexion: anterior, flexion at ankle joint Plantarflexors: posterior, extension at ankle joint Evertors: Lateral, eversion at ankle joint

Question 73

What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Answer 73

Thenar and hypothenar group Thenar group - control movement of thumb Hypothenar group - control movement of pinky finger Overall, muscles of the hand are used for precision

Question 74

What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot do?

Answer 74

Support walking and maintain arch of the foot

Question 75

What muscle abducts the arm?

Answer 75

Deltoid