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Anatomy - Year One > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A

Movement - skeleton, intestines (peristalsis), heart
Static support
Heat production

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2
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Heart
Smooth

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3
Q

Where can you find the skeletal muscle and what does it do?

A

Attached to tendon
Locomotion
Voluntary control

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4
Q

Where can you find cardiac muscle and what does it do?

A

Myocardium
Involved in blood circulation
Involuntary control

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5
Q

Where can you find cardiac muscle and what does it do?

A

Myocardium
Involved in blood circulation
Involuntary control

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6
Q

Where can you find smooth muscle and what does it do?

A

Walls of vessels and organs
Move substances and restrict flow
Involuntary control

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7
Q

What is the epimysium of the skeletal muscle?

A

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounds the skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What is the perimysium of the skeletal muscle?

A

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds s bundle of muscle fibres

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9
Q

What is the endomysium of the skeletal muscle?

A

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fibre

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10
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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11
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

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12
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment.

Lay flat in the abdomen, covering the abdominal wall

Mainly made up of collagen fibres

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13
Q

Where can you find aponeurosis?

A

Aponeuroses are connective tissues found on the surface of pennate muscles and are in close association with muscle fascicles.

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14
Q

What is a parallel muscle?

A

Fascicles that run parallel to one another, and the contraction of these muscle groups act as an extension of the contraction of a single muscle fibre.

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15
Q

What is a pennate muscle?

A

A muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. These types of muscles generally allow better stabilization and force production but less flexibility.

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16
Q

Features of tendons and aponeuroses

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue
Do not shorten
Can alter force direction
Some muscles share a common tendon

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17
Q

What joints do muscles act on?

A

The joints they pass over
Some muscles pass over more than one joint

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18
Q

What are examples of muscles working together?

A

Elbow joint
Shoulder joint
Hand

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19
Q

How do muscles in the elbow joint work together?

A

Flexors and extensors working in opposition

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20
Q

How do shoulder joint muscles work together?

A

Stabilised by joint action of rotator cuff muscles

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21
Q

What are muscle compartments?

A

Compartments are groupings of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels in your arms and legs.

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22
Q

What covers muscle compartments and what is its role?

A

Fascia.

The role of the fascia is to keep the tissues in place, and, therefore, the fascia does not stretch or expand easily

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23
Q

What nerves supply muscles?

A

Muscles of the same compartment usually supplied by the same nerve

Example: Radial nerve supplies all extensors in the upper limb

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24
Q

Where do axial muscles originate from?

A

Axial muscles originate from the trunk and head

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25
Q

Where do appendicular muscles originate from?

A

Appendicular muscles originate from limbs and stabilise the movement of pectoral and pelvic girdles

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26
Q

What is the role of anterior muscle compartments of the arm?

A

Anterior muscle compartment of the arm - flexor muscles

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27
Q

What is the role of anterior muscle compartments of the arm?

A

Posterior muscle compartments of the arm - extensor muscles

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28
Q

What supplies muscles of the same compartment?

A

Muscles of the same compartment are supplied by the same nerve

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29
Q

What supplies all extensor muscles of the upper limb?

A

Radial nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm

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30
Q

What are the flexors of the arm?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

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31
Q

What are the extensors of the arm?

A

Triceps brachii

32
Q

What supplies flexor muscles of the upper arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

33
Q

What supplies all flexor muscles of the forearm?

A

Median and ulner nerves

34
Q

What supplies the whole upper limb?

A

A network of nerves called the brachial plesxus

35
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that gives rise to all the motor and sensory nerves of the upper extremity.

36
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate from?

A

This plexus arises from the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 that undergo several mergers and splits into trunks and divisions, until they finally give rise to their terminal branches.

37
Q

What are some branches of the brachial plexus?

A

The musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median and ulnar nerves.

38
Q

Where can the brachial plexus be found?

A

Under the clavicle in a diagonal line

39
Q

How is the brachial plexus organised?

A

‘Rugby Teams Don’t Cover Bruises’

(standing for: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches)

40
Q

How do flexor and extensor muscle groups work?

A

In pairs

41
Q

What is an agonist muscle?

A

Prime mover/muscle that contracts

42
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A

Muscle that relaxes

43
Q

What is a fixator muscle?

A

Muscle that stabalises

44
Q

What is a synergist muscle?

A

A muscle that augments the action of the agonist

45
Q

When flexing the elbow, what muscles act as the agonist, antagonist, fixator and synergist?

A

Agonist: bicep
Antagonist: tricep
Fixator: deltoid
Synergist: Brachialis

46
Q

What side of the forearm is responsible for pronation?

A

Anterior

47
Q

What side of the forearm is responsible for supination?

A

Posterior

48
Q

How many flexors and pronators are in the forearm?

A

8 - act to flex the wrist and digits

49
Q

How many extensors and supinators are in the forearm?

A

10 - act to extend the wrist and digits

50
Q

What muscle is responsible for the flexion of the forearm?

A

Brachioradialis

51
Q

What muscle is part of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Brachioradialis

52
Q

Give a summary of the upper limb muscle compartments

A

Upper Arm:

Flexors - anterior portion, musculocutaneous nerve
Extensors - posterior portion, radial nerve

Forearm:

Flexors - anterior portion, median and ulnar nerve
Extensors - posterior portion, radial nerve

53
Q

What are the three gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus

54
Q

What do gluteal muscles act on?

A

Hip joint

55
Q

What is the role of the gluteus maximus?

A

Extension of the hip joint and lateral rotation

56
Q

What is the role of the gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Abduction of the hip joint and medial rotation

57
Q

What physical movements do the gluteus maximus help with?

A

Getting up from a chair
Walking
Running
Climbing stairs

58
Q

What nerve innervates the gluteal muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve

59
Q

What are the three compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Medial

60
Q

What is the posterior muscle group of the thigh, what nerve is it innervated by and what is its role?

A

Hamstrings
Sciatic Nerve
Flexion of knee

61
Q

What is the posterior muscle group of the thigh, what nerve is it innervated by and what is its role?

A

Quadriceps
Femoral Nerve
Extension of Knee

62
Q

What is the medial muscle group of the thigh, what nerve is it innervated by and what is its role?

A

Adductors
Obturator nerve
Adduction of thigh at hip joint

63
Q

What are the muscles that make up the hamstrings?

A

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris muscles

64
Q

What are the muscles that make up the quadriceps?

A

Rectus femoris, the vastus lateralis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus medialis.

65
Q

What are the muscles that make up the adductor muscles of the thigh?

A

Gracilis, obturator externus, adductor brevis, adductor longus and adductor magnu

66
Q

Why are extensors and flexors on different sides in the thighs and the arm?

A

During weeks 6-8 of fetal development, the upper limb rotates laterally while the lower limb rotates laterally

67
Q

What are the three compartments of the leg muscles?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

68
Q

What are leg muscles innervated by?

A

Sciatic nerve

69
Q

What are the anterior leg muscles and what is their role?

A

Dorsiflexion that are responsible for (dorsi)flexion on the ankle joint

70
Q

What is the posterior leg muscle and what is their role of posterior leg muscles?

A

Plantarflexors which are responsible for the extension of the ankle joint

71
Q

What are the lateral muscles of the leg muscles and what do they do?

A

Evertors which help with eversion of the foot at the ankle joint

72
Q

Summary of the lower limb

A

Thigh:

Extensors: anterior, quadriceps, femoral nerve
Flexors: posterior, hamstrings, sciatic nerve
Adductors: medial, adductor, obturator nerve

Leg:
Sciatic nerve

Dorsiflexion: anterior, flexion at ankle joint
Plantarflexors: posterior, extension at ankle joint
Evertors: Lateral, eversion at ankle joint

73
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

Thenar and hypothenar group

Thenar group - control movement of thumb
Hypothenar group - control movement of pinky finger

Overall, muscles of the hand are used for precision

74
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot do?

A

Support walking and maintain arch of the foot

75
Q

What muscle abducts the arm?

A

Deltoid

Anatomy - Year One (26 decks)

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