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Anatomy - Year One > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the skeleton?

A

The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body.

It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals

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2
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Cancellous tissue, also known as cancellous bone, spongy bone or trabecular bone, is characterized by its spongy, porous, honeycomb-like structure and is typically found at the ends of long bones.

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3
Q

What is spongy bone used for?

A

The spongy bone is porous therefore is less dense and more vascular.

Spongy bone is used for more active functions of the bones, including blood cell production and ion exchange.

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4
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Compact bone (or cortical bone) forms the hard external layer of all bones and surrounds the medullary cavity, or bone marrow.

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5
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Provides protection and strength to bones

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6
Q

What does compact bone tissue consist of?

A

Units called osteons or Haversian systems.

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7
Q

What can be found in the bone?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Medullary cavity
  • Bone marrow
  • Membranes
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8
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

The hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow

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9
Q

What is found in the medullar cavity?

A

Bone marrow that makes blood cells and stores fat

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10
Q

Discuss red bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow is involved in hematopoiesis. This is another name for blood cell production.

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11
Q

Discuss yellow bone marrow

A

They function in the production of blood cells in life-threatening situations and the storage of fat.

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12
Q

How do osteoclasts mediate bone loss?

A

Increasing their resorptive activity.

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13
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

Degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodelling.

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14
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, responsible for bone growth.

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15
Q

What are osteocytses?

A

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

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16
Q

What are the types of bone?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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17
Q

Define long bone

A

Has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide.

Provide strength, structure and mobility. Blood cell production.

Humerus in arm, phalanges in the fingers.

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18
Q

Define short bone

A

Cuboidal.

Provide stability and support and limited motion.

Only in the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus).

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19
Q

Define irregular bone

A

Various.

Protection of nervous tissue.

Those in the vertebrae.

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20
Q

Define sesamoid bone

A

Small and round.

Protect tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of he tendons as they pass to their attachments.

Patella - kneecap.

21
Q

What is ossification?

A

The process of bone formation

22
Q

What are the two types of bone ossification?

A
  • Endochondral - most common type including long bone growth
  • Intramenbranous - flat bones of skull, mandible, maxilla but also long bones
23
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A
  • Appositional growth - increases the diameter of bones (width) via periosteum
  • Interstitial growth - increases length of bone via epiphyseal plate
24
Q

What are the three most common types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline - (most common type incl. articular cartilage)
  • Elastic (e.g. in the external ear)
  • Fibrocartilage (e.g. intervertebral discs)
25
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Ends of bones in free-moving joints as articular cartilage, at the ends of the ribs, and in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

26
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear, larynx, and epiglottis
Helps maintain their shape

27
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Joint capsules, ligaments, tendon insertions and intervertebral discs

28
Q

List the cartilages in order form weakest to strongest

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage
29
Q

Neck of bone

A

Metaphysis

30
Q

How is compact bone organised?

A

Compact structures called osteons or haversian systems

31
Q

What type of canals exist in haversian systems?

A

Central haversion canal and horizontal performing/volkmann’s canals

32
Q

What can be found around a haversian canal?

A

Osteocytes
Concentric rings of bone matrix (lamellae)

33
Q

How does density differ between spongy bone and dense bone?

A

Spongy bone is much less dense

34
Q

What does spongy bone consist of?

A

Network of lamellated trabeculae (a network of intercommunicating spaces)

35
Q

What is the direction of the trabeculae dependant on?

A

The main direction of mechanical forces

36
Q

What is responsible for bone turnover and remodelling?

A

Osteoclasts breaking down old bone
Osteoblasts building new bone

37
Q

What type of membranes exist in the bone?

A

Periosteum and endosteum

38
Q

Where are the osteoblasts created by the osteopreginitor cells?

A

Periosteum and endosteum

39
Q

What is the function of an osteoblast?

A

Produces bone matrix and initiates calcification

40
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Unmineralised matrix

41
Q

When does an osteoblast become an osteocyte?

A

Once it is surrounded by matrix

42
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Mature bone cells

Located between the rings of the bone matrix in spaces called lacunae.

43
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Connect lacunae to each other - allows communication between cells

44
Q

What disease results from a decrease in bone resorption?

A

Osteopetrosis

45
Q

Why is there a loss of bone mass in women after the menopause?

A

Less oestrogen - confers an inhibitory effect on bone breakdown

46
Q

What is responsible for bone density?

A

Genes and the environment

47
Q

What is good for increasing bone mineral density?

A

Resistance and high impact sports

48
Q

What is in a Haversian canal?

A

A Haversian canal generally contains one or two capillaries and nerve fibers.

49
Q

How do osteoclasts mediate bone loss?

A

Increasing their resorptive activity

Anatomy - Year One (26 decks)

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