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Anatomy - Year One > Cardiology - Histology > Flashcards

Cardiology - Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of all blood vessels apart from the capillaries?

A

Tunica adventitia/ externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima

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2
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia?

A

Simple squamous epithelium - connective tissue

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3
Q

Why does the tunica adventitia need its own blood sypply and what supplies it?

A

This layer needs its own blood supply because it is quite thick.

The blood vessels that supply the tunica adventitia are called vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessels).

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4
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

Thick section and is made up of smooth muscle

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5
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Endothelium

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6
Q

What three layers make up the heart wall?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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7
Q

Where can the endocardium be found?

A

Lines heart chambers

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8
Q

What is the endocardium made of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium sitting on a basement membrane

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9
Q

What does the endocardium form?

A

Valves

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10
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thick middle layer of heart wall

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11
Q

What does the myocardium consist of?

A

Cardiomyocytes with its branching and intercalated discs and a central nucleus

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12
Q

How are myocytes connected?

A

Intercalated discs

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13
Q

Why does the myocardium contain a rich capillary bed?

A

Because its very energetic

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14
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Outer layer of heart wall

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15
Q

What makes up the epicardiun?

A

Simple squamous membrane + basement membrane + connective tissue

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16
Q

What is the epicardium the same as?

A

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium and the epicardium are the SAME layer

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17
Q

What branches does the epicardium contain?

A

Main branches of coronary arteries

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18
Q

What are the differences between veins and arteries?

A

A:

  • Thick tunica media
  • Smaller, rounded
  • Thin tunica adventitia

V:

  • Thin tunica media
  • Larger, flatter
  • Thick adventitia
  • Valves to prevent back flow = endothelial projections into lumen
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19
Q

What are the types of arteries?

A

Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles

20
Q

What are examples of elastic arteires?

A

Large conducting - eg aorta, common carotid, pulmonary

21
Q

What are examples of muscular arteries?

A

Distributing arteries - coronary, radial, femoral

22
Q

What are examples of arterioles?

A

Terminal branches which supply blood to capillary bed

23
Q

Why does the aorta need a lot of elastic fibres?

A

Stretches during systole
Relaxes during diastole

Recoil and stretchability is due to presence of extensive amounts of elastic fibres in T. Media

24
Q

What does the tunica media of muscular arteries have?

A

Smooth muscle cell
No elastic laminae

25
Q

How are elastic fibres in muscular arteries concentrated?

A

In between 2 defined sheets called the internal elastic laminae (IEL) and the external elastic lamina (OEL)

26
Q

Where can the internal elastic laminae be found?

A

Just under the epithelium

27
Q

Where can the external/outer elastic lamina be found?

A

Between tunica media and tunica adventitia

28
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Smaller muscular arteries that gradually change to become arterioles

29
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are in the tunica media of arterioles?

A

1-2

30
Q

What do arterioles lack?

A

Tunica adventitia
InEL
EEL

31
Q

What are features of arterioles?

A

Rich sympathetic nerve innervation

Control blood flow to capillary beds (local)

Control blood pressure (systemic)

32
Q

What are capillaries used for?

A

Main exchange site for nutrients and gases and therefore have a very thin tunica intima and low blood pressure

33
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Incomplete layer of cells surrounding capillary - have contracile properties which control blood flow

34
Q

What layers does a capillary lack?

A

Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

35
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A

Continuous - no gaps
Fenestrated - have gaps
Discontinuous/sinusoids - have wide caps

36
Q

Features of continuous capillary

A

Control what is exchanged
Material must pass through cell or between cell
Selective transport mechanism

eg in muscle

37
Q

Features of fenestrated capillary

A

Have pores

Diaphragms filters molecules by MW &/ or charge

Eg endocrine glands, kidney renal corpuscle

38
Q

Features of continuous capillary

A

Gaps between endothelial cells and basement membranes

Allow free passage of fluid and cells

Eg liver, spleen, bone marrow

39
Q

What are arteriovenous (AV) shunts used for?

A

Bypass capillary beds
Eg - in skin for thermoregulation

40
Q

What is the structure of a vein?

A

Tunica adventitia/ externa - thin
Tunica media - thin
Tunica intima - thin

41
Q

What are the valves of veins?

A

Folds of tunica intima

42
Q

Difference between superficial and deep veins

A

Superficial
- thick wall
- no surrounding support

Deep
- thin walled
- surrounded by support and deep fascia and muscles
- superficial veins drain into deep veins
- DVT

43
Q

Purpose of lymphatic system

A

Drains tissue fluid lost from blood capillaries

Drains into the systemic venous system

44
Q

Where are nodes of the lymphatic system?

A

Alongside major veins and around origins of major arteries

45
Q

Features of lymph capillaries

A

Blind end capillaries
Lined by very thin endothelium
No RBC in lumen

46
Q

What are anchoring filaments in lymph capillaries?

A

Fine collagenous filaments link endothelial cell to surrounding tissue keeping lumen open

Anatomy - Year One (26 decks)

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