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Chiro Essentials > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

The notochord remains as what in the body?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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1
Q

The vertebral column develops from what embryologically?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

3 primary ossification centers of the vertebrae?

A

Centrum (for the body)

Right and left halves of the neural arch

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3
Q

What are the 5 secondary ossification centers of vertebrae?

A

Spinous process
Rt and Lt transverse processes
Upper and lower vertebral endplates

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4
Q

Shapes of the vertebral bodies for each section?

A

Cervical- Rectangular
Thoracic- Heart shaped
Lumbar- Kidney shaped

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5
Q

Orientation of the superior articular facets for each vertebral section?

A

Cervical- BUM
Thoracic- BUL
Lumbar- BM (Just backwards and medially)

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6
Q

The posterior longitudinal ligament continues as the ________ from C2 and above?

A

Tectorial membrane

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7
Q

The supraspinous ligament continues as the ________ from C7 and above?

A

Nuchal ligament

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8
Q

What is the job of the alar ligament?

A

Prevent axial rotation

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9
Q

The anulus fibrosus fibers are angled at ____ degrees to the vertical?

A

65 degrees

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10
Q

The anulus fibrosus is thickest in the ______ region and thinnest in the ______?

A

Lumbar

Thoracic, Respectively.

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11
Q

What part of the anulus fibrosus is innervated?

A

Outer 1/3

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12
Q

The intervertebral disc is nourished by ______ from the vertebral endplates?

A

diffusion (not well vascularized)

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13
Q

What does the intervertebral foramen all contain?

A

Spinal nerve, spinal nerve roots, dorsal root ganglion, spinal artery, veins, 2 to 4 sinuvertebral nerves, fat and transforaminal ligaments

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14
Q

The spinal canal is largest in what region?

A

Cervical

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15
Q

Why is the cervical region the most common site for cord compression?

A

The spinal cord is widest in this region (specifically C6)

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16
Q

The atlanto-occipital joint is classified as what?

A

Condylar (synovial)

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17
Q

The median atlanto-axial joint is classified as?

A

Pivot (synovial)

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18
Q

The lateral atlanto-axial joint is classified as?

A

Planar (synovial)

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19
Q

Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are classified as?

A

Planar (synovial)

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20
Q

50% of flexion and extension in the cervical spine occur at which joint?

A

Occiput-C1

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21
Q

50% of the rotation in the cervical spine occurs at which joint?

A

C1-C2 (Atlanto-axial)

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22
Q

What is the range of motion of the SI joint? And what axis does this occur about?

A

Nutation/counternutation

-Around an axis passing through S2

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23
Q

Innervation of the SI joint?

A

Superior gluteal nerve and branches from S1 S2

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24
Q

The costochondral joints are classified as what?

A

Synchondrosis (primary cartilaginous)

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25
Q

The manubriosternal joint is classified as what?

A

Symphysis (Secondary cartilaginous)

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26
Q

The superficial layer of back muscles is made up of what?

A

Trapezius and latissimus dorsi

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27
Q

The intermediate layer of back muscles is made up of what?

A

Levator scapulae, Rhomboid major and minor, Serratus posterior superior and inferior

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28
Q

The deep layer of back muscles is made up of what?

A

Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, erector spinae, semispinalis capitis and cervicis, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversales, multifidus

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29
Q

The Multifidus muscles range from what vertebral levels?

A

Upper part of sacrum all the way to C2

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30
Q

What is the most medial of the lumbar back muscles?

A

Multifidus

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31
Q

The medial intertransverarii muscles are supplied by ________ and the lateral are supplied by _________?

A

Dorsal rami, ventral rami, respectively.

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32
Q

What is the main function of the small back muscles such as rotatores, interspinales and intertransversales?

A

mechanoreceptors (packed w/ muscle spindles?

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33
Q

What level of the spine does the cord end at?

A

L1/L2

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34
Q

What layer that covers the spinal cord has the dentate ligaments?

A

Pia mater

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35
Q

The posterior/dorsal columns carry what sensations?

A

Vibration, fine touch (2 point discrimination), and joint position sense (proprioception). These are known as the Gracilis and Cuneatus tracts

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36
Q

The lateral spinothalamic tract carries what sensations?

A

Pain and temperature

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37
Q

The ventral spinothalamic tract carries what sensations?

A

Crude touch and pressure

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38
Q

What is the only descending tract that isn’t motor in function?

A

Raphespinal (modulates nociception)

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39
Q

What is the job of the raphespinal tract?

A

Inhibits nociception by releasing serotonin and acts on the C fibers

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40
Q

Rexed lamina II in the grey matter is also called?

A

Substantia Gelatinosa (Involved w/ pain sensibility)

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41
Q

Substance P is found in high concentration in these laminae?

A

I & II

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42
Q

Lamina III & IV are often combined and called?

A

Nucleus proprius

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43
Q

Lamina VII contains the dorsal nucleus (Clarke’s column) and axons from here ascend the spinal cord and carry what?

A

Unconscious proprioception

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44
Q

The single anterior spinal artery supplies approximately how much of the spinal cord? (w/ all its branches)

A

Anterior 2/3

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45
Q

The 2 posterior spinal arteries supply how much of the cord?

A

Posterior 1/3

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46
Q

The Great Radicular artery (of Adamkiewicz) supplies which part of the spinal cord?

A

Lower 1/2 or 2/3 of the spinal cord

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47
Q

What type of neuroglia cells make CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

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48
Q

The blood supply for anterior circulation of the brain is supplied by?

A

Internal carotid arteries

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49
Q

The blood supply for posterior circulation of the brain is supplied by?

A

Vertebrobasilar system

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50
Q

The connections between the blood supply in the brain is called?

A

Circle of Willis

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51
Q

The basilar artery supplies which part of the brain?

A

Pons which contains nuclei for CN V, VI, VII, & VIII

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52
Q

What artery supplies the medulla which has nuclei for CN IX, X, XI, and XII?

A

Vertebral artery

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53
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex located? (Where CN I fibers end)

A

In the temporal lobe

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54
Q

The only sensory CN that is not linked directly with the thalamus?

A

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

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55
Q

CN III also carries parasympathetic fibers to what?

A

Circular iris muscle and ciliary body

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56
Q

What is the only CN that exits the brainstem dorsally?

A

Trochlear (CN IV)

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57
Q

Parasympathetic fibers do what to the pupil?

A

Constrict

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58
Q

The ophthalmic division of CN V gives off what branches?

A

NFL:
Nasociliary
Frontal
Lacrimal

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59
Q

The maxillary division of CN V gives off what branches?

A 
PINZ
Pharyngeal
Infraorbital
Nasopalatine
Zygomatic
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60
Q

CN VII innervates what muscle in the middle ear?

A

Stapedius (nerve to the stapedius)

61
Q

CN VII conveys taste via what nerve? To what nucleus?

A

Chorda tympani

Solitary tract nucleus

62
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located where?

A

Middle portion of the superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann’s area 22)

63
Q

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) contains motor fibers from the nucleus ______ to 1 muscle, which is?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

-Stylopharyngeus muscle

64
Q

CN IX carries taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue to the nucleus ______?

A

Solitarius

65
Q

What are the 3 CN’s that pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CN’s IX, X, and XI

66
Q

CN X can go as far down as the?

A

Transverse colon in the abdomen

67
Q

Which triangle of the neck does CN XI pass through?

A

Posterior cervical triangle

68
Q

All of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by CN XII except??

A

Palatoglossus (pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve)

69
Q

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA) fibers are for which special senses?

A

Vision, hearing and balance

70
Q

Special Visceral Afferents (SVA) fibers are for which special senses?

A

Taste

Smell

71
Q

The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus are collectively called the?

A

basal ganglia

72
Q

The internal capsule is divided into what 3 parts?

A

Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb

73
Q

The caudate nucleus and putamen can be collectively called?

A

Corpus striatum (they are separated by the anterior limb of the internal capsule though)

74
Q

The left and right cerebellar hemispheres are joined centrally by the?

A

Vermis

75
Q

What part of the vertebral artery is most prone to dissection?

A

3rd part (between C1 transverse foramen and foramen magnum)

76
Q

The 2 vertebral arteries come together near the pons to form the?

A

Basilar artery

77
Q

What produces CSF and where?

A

Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles at a rate of 500 ml/day

78
Q

Sometimes the superior sagittal and straight sinuses join to form the?

A

Confluence of sinuses

79
Q

The sigmoid sinus passes through the jugular foramen and becomes?

A

Internal jugular vein

80
Q

The anterior fontanelle should be closed by?

A

The first 18 months of life

81
Q

The posterior fontanelle should be closed by?

A

The first 2-3 months of life

82
Q

What is the highest point on the skull in the sagittal plane called?

A

Vertex

83
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A

Skin, Closed connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, and Pericranium (SCALP)

84
Q

The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

85
Q

What is the blood supply to the scalp?

A

External Carotid Artery

86
Q

The muscles of facial expression are innervated by what branches from CN VII?

A

Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal mandibular, Cervical (Ten Zebras Broke My Car)

87
Q

All of the muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus except?

A

Cricothyroid (superior laryngeal branch of CN X)

88
Q

The cervical plexus is derived from the ventral rami of which nerves?

A

C1-C4

89
Q

The ansa cervicalis is made up of which cervical nerves?

A

C1, C2, C3

90
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm and from what levels?

A

Phrenic nerve

“C3, C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive”

91
Q

The axillary nerve (C5-6) supplies which muscles?

A

Deltoid and teres MINOR

92
Q

Damage to what branch of the brachial plexus will result in “Winged scapula?”

A

Long thoracic nerve (C5-7)

93
Q

Damage to C5 & C6 roots will result in?

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy

94
Q

Damage to C8 and T1 roots will result in?

A

Klumpke’s palsy (Claw hand)

95
Q

The Sciatic nerve (L4, L5, S1-3) supplies all of the skin below the knee except?

A

A thin strip along the medial aspect of the leg and foot which is supplied by the saphenous branch of the femoral nerve

96
Q

Where does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate?

A

Posterior nuclei in the hypothalamus

97
Q

The main end organ neurotransmitter in the sympathetic system is what?

A

Norepinephrine (except the sweat glands- acetylcholine)

98
Q

Cardiac plexuses are from what thoracic sympathetic level ganglia?

A

T1-T4

99
Q

The greater splanchnic nerves are derived from what levels and go to what ganglion?

A

T5-T9 ganglia (to celiac ganglion)

100
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerves are from what levels and go to what ganglion?

A

T10 & T11 (to superior mesenteric ganglion)

101
Q

The least splanchnic nerves are from what level and go to what ganglion?

A

T12 (to aortico-renal ganglion)

102
Q

The inferior hypogastric nerve is from what sympathetic levels?

A

L1 & L2

103
Q

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originates from where?

A

Anterior nuclei in the hypothalamus

104
Q

Parasympathetic fibers are carried in what nerves?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X and S2-4

105
Q

The main neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic system is what?

A

Acetylcholine

106
Q

What are the tissues that have ONLY parasympathetic innervation?

A

Bronchial glands

107
Q

What are the tissues that have ONLY sympathetic innervation?

A

Blood vessels, Arrector pili muscle, Adrenal Medulla, Sweat glands

BAAS

108
Q

What does the Myenteric plexus of Auerbach do?

A

Regulates Motility of the muscularis externa in the intestine wall (M with M)

109
Q

What does the Submucosal plexus of Meissner do?

A

Regulates the Secretion of intestinal glands (S with S)

111
Q

What are the 3 types of autonomic mediated reflexes?

A
  1. Viscerovisceral
  2. Viscerosomatic
  3. Somatovisceral
112
Q

What roots make up the Lesser Occipital nerve?

A

C2, C3

113
Q

This nerve is sensory to the posterolateral neck

A

lesser occipital

114
Q

what roots make up the greater auricular nerve

A

C2, C3

115
Q

what roots make up the transverse cervical nerve?

A

C2, C3

116
Q

What roots make up the supraclavicular nerve?

A

C3, C4

117
Q

what roots make up the nasa cervicalis (superior and inferior roots)?

A

C1-C4

118
Q

What roods make up the segmental branches of the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C5

119
Q

What roots make up the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, C4, C5

“keep the diaphragm alive”

120
Q

What is sensory to the ear and parotid gland?

A

greater auricular

121
Q

what is sensory to the anterior and lateral neck?

A

transverse cervical

122
Q

what is sensory to the shoulder and anterior chest?

A

supraclavicular

123
Q

what is motor to the geniohyoid and infra hyoid muscles of the neck?

A

ansa cervicalis

124
Q

what is motor to the neck and scalenes, levator, trapezius, and SCM?

A

segmental branches

125
Q

what is motor to the diaphragm?

A

phrenic

126
Q

what roots make up the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

127
Q

what roots make up the obturator nerve?

A

L2-L4

128
Q

what roots make up the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?

A

L2, L3

129
Q

what roots make up the iliohypogastric?

A

L1

130
Q

what roots make up the ilioinguinal?

A

L1

131
Q

What roots make up the genitofemoral?

A

L1, L2

132
Q

what nerve is sensory to the thigh, leg, foot, hip and knee joints and motor to the anterior thigh, psoas, pectinous, and iliacus?

A

Femoral

133
Q

what nerve is sensory to the medial thigh and hip joint and motor to the adductors, gracilis, and obturator externus?

A

obturator

134
Q

what nerve is sensory to the lateral thigh, and branches to the peritoneum?

A

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous

135
Q

what nerve is sensory to the lower abdomen, lower back and hip, anterolateral abdominal wall and pubic region?

A

iliohypogastric

136
Q

what nerve is sensory to eh scrotum, labia ,thigh and cremasterics?

A

genitofemoral

137
Q

what nerve roots make up the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

138
Q

what nerve roots make up the tibial?

A

L4-S3

139
Q

what nerve roots make up the common peroneal?

A

L4-S2

140
Q

what nerve roots make up the superficial peroneal?

A

L4-S2

141
Q

What nerve roots make up the Deep Peroneal?

A

L4-S2

142
Q

What nerve roots make up the superior gluteal

A

L4-S1

143
Q

What nerve roots make up the inferior Gluteal

A

L5-S2

144
Q

What nerve roots make up the pudendal?

A

S2-S4 “S2-S4 help keep it off the floor”

145
Q

what is motor to the tibial and common peroneal?

A

sciatic nerve

146
Q

what is sensory to the posterior leg and foot and motor to all muscles back of thigh, leg and foot?

A

tibial

147
Q

what is sensory to the anterior leg and dorm of foot and motor to the peroneals, tibias anterior and extension of toe?

A

Common peroneal

148
Q

what is motor to the lateral compartment of the leg

A

superficial peroneal

149
Q

what is motor to the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

deep peroneal

150
Q

what is motor to the gluteus medium, minimum and TFL?

A

Superior gluteal

151
Q

what is motor to the gluteus maximus?

A

inferior gluteal

152
Q

what is sensory to the muscles of the perineum, and motor to the external anal sphincter?

A

pudendal

Chiro Essentials (16 decks)

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