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Chiro Essentials > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

0
Q

What is an enzyme which oxidizes a compound by removing hydrogen?

A

Dehydrogenase

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1
Q

What is a pro-enzyme and what’s the other name for it?

A

aka a Zymogen is an inactive enzyme precursor which requires a biochemical change for it to become active

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2
Q

What is an enzyme which adds hydrogen to a compound?

A

Reductase

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3
Q

What is an enzyme that causes oxygen in a compound to be changed to water?

A

Oxidase

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4
Q

What is the enzyme which catalyzes the release of a carboxyl group (as CO2) from compounds?

A

decarboxylase

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5
Q

What is the enzyme which adds inorganic phosphate to a substrate without using ATP?

A

phosphorylase

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6
Q

What is the enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate?

A

Phosphatase

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7
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the joining of 2 molecules?

A

Ligase

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8
Q

In an enzyme, a site other than the active site is called what?

A

Allosteric site

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9
Q

This is a degradative process which breaks down large molecules into smaller units, releasing useful energy.

A

Catabolism

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10
Q

This is a biosynthetic process which constructs large molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy.

A

Anabolism

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11
Q

_______ is a chemical covalent bond between glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Ester bond

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12
Q

_______ is the chemical bond between 2 nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester

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13
Q

What metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria?

A

Fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

What metabolic pathways occur in the cytoplasm?

A

Glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, Pentose Phosphate pathway (HM shunt), and protein synthesis

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15
Q

What metabolic pathways occur in both mitochondria and cytoplasm?

A

Heme synthesis, urea cycle, and gluconeogenesis (HUGs)

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16
Q

What is the primary structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants?

A

Cellulose

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17
Q

What breaks down starch into maltose and is present in the mouth?

A

Salivary amylase

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18
Q

What enzyme is involved in the rate limiting step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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19
Q

Too much glucose-6-phosphate accumulating in a cell will cause the cell to ______?

A

Swell

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20
Q

Glucokinase is only found in what organ?

A

Liver

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21
Q

The vast majority of gluconeogenesis takes place in what part of cells in what organ?

A

Cytosol of liver cells

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the cori cycle and what is its net gain/or loss of ATP?

A

To prevent lactic acid from building up in skeletal muscle

Net LOSS of 4 ATP

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23
Q

The process of gluconeogenesis is essentially the reversal of what metabolic pathway?

A

Glycolysis

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24
Q

What is the essential co-enzyme to turn pyruvate into oxaloacetate in the 1st step of gluconeogenesis?

A

Biotin (Vit. B7)

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25
Q

Gluconeogenesis only occurs in these 3 organs.

A

Liver (mainly)
Kidney
Intestinal epithelium

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26
Q

What is the main fuel used to drive the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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27
Q

What is the enzyme that turns pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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28
Q

What are the end products of the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

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29
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (3rd step)

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30
Q

What is the only enzyme in the Krebs cycle that is bound to the mitochondrial membrane instead of being soluble in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

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31
Q

Each pyruvate molecule sent into the Krebs cycle eventually yields how many ATP from the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A

12 ATP

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32
Q

What’s the total # of ATP’s produced through glycolysis, krebs and ETC?

A

38 ATPs

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33
Q

How does NADH and FADH2 cross the mitochondrial membrane to get into the ETC?

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle OR

Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

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34
Q

What are proteins that contain iron called?

A

Cytochromes

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35
Q

How does the Electron Transport Chain work?

A

Who the fuck knows……

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36
Q

What is the other name for the cori cycle?

A

Lactic acid cycle

37
Q

Which pathways purpose is to produce NADPH, and Ribose for DNA & RNA synthesis?

A

Pentose Phosphate pathway

38
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in the Pentose Phosphate pathway?

A

Glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (1st step)

39
Q

What is the main enzyme in Glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen synthase (allows glucose chains to be added to glycogen for more storage)

40
Q

What inhibits Glycogenesis?

A

Epinephrine and Glucagon

41
Q

What is the major degradation enzyme in Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase (Rate limiting enzyme)

42
Q

What is the important hormone in the regulation of Glycogenolysis?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)- Allows this to happen instead of Glycogenesis

43
Q

Which lipoprotein transports triglycerides from liver to tissues?

A

VLDL

44
Q

Which lipoproteins are in the cis form?

A

HDL

45
Q

Which lipoproteins are in the trans form?

A

LDL, IDL

46
Q

Which lipoprotein transports dietary lipids from the intestine to other parts of the body?

A

Chylomicrons

47
Q

Which type of fatty acid has no double bonds?

A

Saturated fatty acids

48
Q

What are some examples of essential fatty acids?

A 
Linoleic acid (omega-6)
Linolenic acid (omega-3)
49
Q

Breakdown of fatty acids occurs where?

A

mitochondria of adipocytes

50
Q

What is the purpose of Lipolysis (FA breakdown)?

A

Produce Acetyl CoA which can enter the Krebs cycle

51
Q

What are the ketone body byproducts made by lipolysis?

A

Actone, acetoacetate & beta-hydroxybutyrate (latter 2 converted to Acetyl CoA)

52
Q

Where are ketone bodies synthesized?

A

Mitochondria of hepatocytes (liver)

53
Q

What is the molecule that causes fruity breath in diabetic ketacidosis?

A

Acetone

54
Q

What converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in Lipogensis?

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase (Rate limiting enzyme)

55
Q

Cholesterol is made mainly from what?

A

Acetyl CoA

56
Q

What are the 4 steps in the process of Lipogensis?

A

Condensation
Reduction
Dehydration
Reduction

57
Q

Every amino acid has what 2 things in it’s structure?

A 
Amine (NH2)
Carboxyl Group (COOH) on the first (alpha) carbon atom
58
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

A

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine

PVT TIM HALL

59
Q

What are the 10 non-essential amino acids?

A

Proline, Tyrosine, Glycine, Alanine, Glutamine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Serine, Cysteine

PT GAGA GAS C

60
Q

Proteins are made in what part of cells?

A

Ribosomes

61
Q

What amino acids are glucogenic?

A

Histidine, Methionine, Threonine, and Valine (Essential)

As well as ALL non-essential except Tyrosine

62
Q

What amino acids are ketogenic?

A

Luecine, Lysine (essential) & Tyrosine (non-essential)

63
Q

What amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic?

A

Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan (PIT)

64
Q

What Three things make up a nucleoTide?

A 
Pentose sugar (ribose, deoxyrib.)
Nitrogen base (Pyrine, pyrimidine)
Phosphate group
65
Q

What two things make up a nucleoside?

A 
Pentose sugar
Nitrogen base (Purine or pyrimidine)
66
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

67
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

Adenine

Guanine

68
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a DNA template through a process called ______?

A

Transcription

69
Q

Release of DNA and RNA from cell death is broken down into?

A

Xanthine (which is converted to uric acid & can cause gout)

70
Q

What are the antioxidant vitamins and minerals?

A

A, C, E, and selenium (ACEs)

71
Q

What is the active form of Vit. A?

A

Retinoic acid

72
Q

What is rachitic rosary (Vit. D deficiency)?

A

Swollen costochondral joints in the chest

73
Q

What is the role of Vit. E?

A

An antioxidant which protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage

74
Q

Vit. E deficiency will cause?

A

Hemolytic anemia

75
Q

Vit. B1 (thiamine) is a cofactor for which enzymes?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

76
Q

Magenta tongue is a deficiency of what Vitamin?

A

Vit. B2- Riboflavin

77
Q

Vit. B3 (Niacin) can be made in the body from what amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

78
Q

Niacin deficiency may present with?

A

Pellagra

79
Q

Vit. B5 deficiency can lead to what condition?

A

Burning feet syndrome

80
Q

Vit. B7 (Biotin) is used in what type of reactions?

A

Carboxylation reactions

81
Q

This Vitamin is used in the transfer of 1-carbon units in DNA and RNA synthesis, to make methionine and purines necessary for DNA synthesis and for the transfer of methyl groups.

A

Vit. B9 (Folic Acid)

82
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin will cause megaloblastic anemia and a beef red tongue.

A

Vit. B12 (Cobalamin)

83
Q

If def. of vitamin B12 is due to lack of intrinsic factor it is called?

A

Pernicious anemia

84
Q

Vit. C enhances the absorption of what mineral?

A

Iron [Fe]

85
Q

What is the greatest source of iron in the diet?

A

Red meat (Most absorbable)

86
Q

Greatest dietary source of copper?

A

Prunes

87
Q

Selenium deficiency causes what disease?

A

Kenshan’s disease

88
Q

What mineral helps insulin to bind to cells which helps glucose transport into cells?

A

Chromium

89
Q

Greatest source of chromium?

A

Oysters

Chiro Essentials (16 decks)

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