Speech Perception Lecture 21 Flashcards
What is the acoustic signal/stimulus?
- stimulus for speech
- produced by air that is pushed up from the lungs –> vocal cords –> vocal tract
What are vowels?
produced by vibration of the vocal cords that accompany changes in the shape of the vocal tract
What are articulators?
- tongue, lips, teeth, jaw, soft palate
- cause vowel changes
- change the resonant frequency of the vocal system
What are formants?
peaks in pressure at a number of frequencies
Each vowel is associated with a characteristic series of ____________.
formants
TRUE or FALSE: the formant with the highest frequency is called the first formant (F1)
FALSE: LOWEST frequency = FIRST formant
What can be used to visualize formants?
sound spectrograms
What are consonants?
produced by constrictions of the vocal tract
what are formant transitions?
rapid changes in frequency preceding or following consonants
What are the smallest building blocks of speech?
phonemes
What are phonemes?
the smallest unit of speech capable of changing the meaning of a word
what is lack of invariance?
while words are build by putting together phonemes in different combinations, the acoustic signal produced for any given phoneme is variable
What is an example of perceptual constancy pertaining to speech?
our perceptual systems can still recognize differing acoustic signals as representing the same phenome
What is coarticulation?
the sound produced by a single phoneme can be different depending on what phoneme comes before and after it
What is an example of coarticulation?
we perceive the ‘b’ sound in bat and boot as the same sound although our mouth shape changes (which affects the acoustic signal)
TRUE or FALSE: formants are associated with vowels; formant transitions are associated with consonants
TRUE
What is an example of variability in acoustic signal?
sloppy pronunciation
What is categorical perception?
wide range of acoustic cues results in the perception of a limited number of sound categories
What is the McGurk effect?
visual input changes speech perception
The ____________ was found to be activated for all speech stimuli, though familiar (but not unfamiliar) voices also activate the _____________.
STS, FFA
What is the physiological basis for a link between speech perception and facial processing?
The STS was found to be activated for all speech stimuli, though familiar (but not unfamiliar) voices also activate the FFA.
Phonemes are more easily perceived when _______________________.
they appear in a meaningful context
What is the phonemic restoration effect?
missing phonemes can also be filled in based on expectations