Lecture 7 Scenes and Objects, Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference

A

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions and inferences that we make about the environment based on our prior knowledge and personal history of experiences (i.e. top down mechanisms)

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2
Q

What is the likelihood principle?

A

we perceive the world in the way that is most likely based on our past experiences

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3
Q

What is Bayesian Inference? What are the two factors?

A

estimates of the probability of a given outcome are influenced by two factors: the prior probability and the likelihood of a given outcome

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4
Q

What is the spatial layout hypothesis?

A

the PPA responds to the surface geometry or the geometric layout of a scene and thus can be activated by any stimuli that produces a sense of 3D space, not just places

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5
Q

What are space defining objects?

A

objects that evoke a strong sense of surrounding space (e.g. a large oak bed)

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6
Q

What are space ambiguous objects?

A

objects that DO NOT evoke a sense of surrounding space (e.g. a small white fan heater)

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7
Q

What is binocular rivalry?

A

occurs when each eye is presented with a different image

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8
Q

What is neural mind reading?

A

predicting what a person is perceiving or thinking about based upon their neural activity (e.g. via fMRI)

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9
Q

What is structural encoding?

A

neural encoding based on relationship between voxel activation and structural characteristics of a scene

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10
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

neural encoding based on the relationship between voxel activation and the meaning or category of a scene

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: using an algorithm that uses only structural encoding (vs semantic) produces more accurate predictions

A

FALSE: use BOTH types of encoding for more accuracy

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12
Q

What is visual scanning?

A

visually exploring the environment

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13
Q

visual scanning involves making many _______________, in which we dwell on something to extract information, which are linked by _________________________

A

fixations; saccadic eye movements

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14
Q

How many saccades do we make per second?

A

3

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: visual scanning represents covert attention

A

FALSE: overt attention

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16
Q

What is covert attention?

A

attention that is decoupled from your gaze (e.g. watching something out of the corner or your eye)

17
Q

What is visual salience?

A

areas of stimuli that attract attention due to their physical properties

18
Q

what is attentional capture?

A

occurs when particularly salient properties of stimuli result in rapid and involuntary shifts of attention

19
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Vo and Henderson found that subjects fixated objects OUT OF CONTEXT in their location for longer

A

TRUE

20
Q
A