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PSYCH 367 > Lecture 23 The Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 23 The Chemical Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you perceive texture with a pen?

A
  • turn your pen over (or cap it) so you can use it as a probe
  • hold pen at one end and move the other end over something smooth
  • notice you can sense smoothness of a page
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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE: neurons further downstream become more specialized

A

FALSE: upstream

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3
Q

neurons in the _____________________ have center-surround receptive fields (like in the __________)

A

ventral posterior nucleus; LGN

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE: some somatosensory neurons respond maximally to particular orientations and/or direction of movement

A

TRUE

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5
Q

___________ can also modulate the response of neurons in S1 and S2.

A

attention

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6
Q

What study results suggest that attention can modulate response of neurons in S1 and S2?

A
  • raised letters run across monkey hands
  • attention on tactile sensation vs. attention on unrelated visual stimuli
  • more robust firing in TACTILE-ATTENTION condition
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7
Q

What is pain?

A

multimodal phenomenon containing a SENSORY and AFFECTIVE/EMOTIONAL component

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8
Q

What are the different types of pain

A

inflammatory, neuropathic, nociceptive

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9
Q

What is inflammatory pain caused by?

A

damage to tissues and joints or by tumour cells

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10
Q

What is neuropathic pain caused by?

A

damage to CNS (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome, SCI, etc.)

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11
Q

What is nociceptive pain caused by?

A

activation of nociceptors in the skin, which signal impending damage

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12
Q

What do nociceptors respond to?

A

heat, chemicals, severe pressure, cold

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13
Q

Describe the balance required for threshold of eliciting nociceptor response?

A

WARN system of damage without being OVERSENSITIVE (i.e. not be triggered by normal activity)

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14
Q

What is the direct pathway model of pain?

A

pain = nociceptors being stimulated and sending signals to the brain

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15
Q

What is the problem with the direct pathway model of pain?

A

exceptions including:
- pain can be affected by mental state
- can occur when no stimulation of skin
- can be affected by attention
- phantom limb

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16
Q

What is the gate control model of pain?

A
  • pain signals enter spinal cord from body and transmitted to brain
  • various pathways influence transmission of these signals from SC to brain –> open/close gate that these signals flow through
  • integrates 3 types of signals processed in DORSAL HORN of SC
  • integrated output sent to TRANSMISSION CELLS (directly related to perception of pain)
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17
Q

What are the 3 types of signals processed in the dorsal horn? Which ones open/close the gate?

A
  1. MECHANORECEPTORS: non-painful tactile-based stimuli –> (-) close gate
  2. NOCICEPTORS: painful tactile-based stimuli –> (+) open gate
  3. CENTRAL CONTROL: receive signals related to cognitive function (attention, expectations, etc.) –> (-) close gate
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18
Q

______________ has been used to keep patients’ attention on other stimuli than the pain-inducing stimulation.

A

VR technology

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE: when surgical patients are told what to expect, they request more pain medication and leave the hospital later

A

FALSE: expectation –> LESS pain meds, leave hospital EARLIER

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20
Q

Another example of expectations mediating pain can be seen with ______________, which can be very effective at reducing pain

A

placebos

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21
Q

How did Bingel et al. 2011 systematically vary expectations for pain?

A
  • all conditions attach saline IV line and calibrate intensity of a painful stimulus until participants reported 70/100
  • baseline: no painkiller given
  • no expectation: patients NOT TOLD saline switched to painkiller
  • positive expectation: patients TOLD saline switched to painkiller
  • negative expectation: patients NOT TOLD saline switched to painkiller, but WARNINGS pain level may increase
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22
Q

What did Bingel et al. 2011 find from their study on varying expectations for pain?

A

robust effects of expectations, INDEPENDENT OF PRESENT OF PAINKILLER

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23
Q

What is a nocebo effect?

A

increase in pain accompanying negative expectation condition

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24
Q

TRUE or FALSE: participants kept their hands in cold water for longer when they were shown negative pictures

A

FALSE: LONGER for POSITIVE

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25
Q

TRUE or FALSE: participants rated cold water as less intense and less unpleasant while listening to pleasant music

A

TRUE

26
Q

What are the brain regions involved in pain?

A
  • subcortical areas: hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus
  • cortical areas: S1, insula, ACC, PFC
27
Q

What areas are included in the pain matrix?

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, S1, insula, ACC, PFC

28
Q

TRUE or FALSE: suggestions to change the INTENSITY were associated changes in S1; suggestions to change the UNPLEASANTESS were associated with changes in ACC

A

TRUE

29
Q

Changes to intensity associated with changes in which region?

A

S1

30
Q

Changes to unpleasantness associated with changes in which region?

A

ACC

31
Q

What receptors do endorphins bind to?

A

opiates

32
Q

How do endorphins affect pain?

A

reduce pain

33
Q

Injecting _______________ blocks receptor sites, causing more pain.

A

naloxone

34
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Naloxone increases effectiveness of placebos

A

FALSE: decreases

35
Q

TRUE or FALSE: endorphins have top-down effects

A

TRIE

36
Q

TRUE or FALSE: people whose brains release more endorphins can withstand higher pain levels

A

TRUE

37
Q

Are endorphin effects from placebos localized or throughout the entire body? How do we know this?

A
  • localized
  • skin with placebo cream (vs capsaicin) have less pain
38
Q

TRUE or FALSE: directly experiencing, watching someone else, and receiving painful stimulation activate distinct regions of the brain

A

FALSE: overlap between brain parts

39
Q

Participants assigned to an empathy training condition had greater ______________ activation in response to seeing videos of other people getting hurt

A

ACC

40
Q

Which region is activated with feelings of social distress (e.g. pain of rejection)?

A

dorsal ACC (dACC)

41
Q

What is the physical-social pain overlap hypothesis?

A

OVERLAPPING regions of the brain are associated with both PHYSICAL and SOCIALLY-based pain

42
Q

What are the functions of the chemical senses?

A
  • identify things that should be consumed for survival
  • detect things that would be harmful to consume (and should therefore be rejected)
  • cause good and bad affective responses that promote consuming/rejecting
43
Q

What is the turnover rate for olfactory receptors?

A

5-7 weeks

44
Q

What is the turnover rate for taste receptors?

A

1-2 weeks

45
Q

What are the 5 basic taste qualities?

A

salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

46
Q

What is sweetness associated with?

A

substances that have high nutritional value

47
Q

What is bitterness associated with?

A

substances that are potentially harmful (e.g. toxins)

48
Q

What is salty taste associated with?

A

presence of sodium (which our bodies need)

49
Q

TRUE or FALSE: there are no perfect connections between tastes and function of substances

A

TRUE

50
Q

Our tongue contains four different kinds of _____________, each of which contain _______________.

A

papillae; taste buds

51
Q

How many taste cells are on each taste bud?

A

50-100

52
Q

Signals from taste cells travel along one of _______ nerves, which synapse with the ________________ in the brain stem. They then travel to the ________, followed by areas in the ____________ considered to be the primary receiving area for taste: ___________ and ____________.

A

4; NTS; thalamus; frontal lobe; INSULA, FRONTAL OPERCULUM

53
Q

What are the primary receiving areas for taste?

A

insula, frontal operculum

54
Q

What kind of activity from the chorda tympani nerve was found when different taste stimuli were presented to rats? If population coding is responsible for taste perception, what can be hypothesized?

A
  • across-fiber patterns
  • KCl and NH4Cl similar patterns
  • NaCl distinct pattern
  • if population coding, TASTE AVERSION generalized from KCl to NH4Cl
55
Q

TRUE or FALSE: people judge compounds with MORE SIMILAR across-fiber patterns of activity as tasting LESS SIMILAR

A

FALSE: more similar activity = more similar tastse

56
Q

Describe a study that demonstrates specificity coding for taste. (PTC)

A
  • normal mice WITHOUT PTC receptor do NOT AVOID it
  • mice with PTC receptor AVOID it
57
Q

Describe another study that demonstrates specificity coding for taste. (Cyx)

A

mice WITHOUT Cyx receptor do NOT avoid Cx and no longer produce response in nerve fiber signals from tongue

58
Q

Evidence exists for both specificity and population coding in taste, but balance is shifting toward ___________.

A

specificity

59
Q

Basic taste dimensions may conform to ________________, while nuanced distinctions in taste perception could arise from __________________.

A

specificity coding; population coding

60
Q

About ___________ of people can’t perceive the taste of PTC and PROP

A

1/3

61
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Tasters have more taste buds than nontasters

A

TRUE

62
Q

what do supertasters appear more sensitive to than tasters?

A

bitter

PSYCH 367 (22 decks)

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