Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 367 > Lecture 18 Hearing in the Environment > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Hearing in the Environment Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

The cochlea shows an orderly map of frequencies along its length, which can be referred to as a ___________ organization.

A

tonotopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the apex responds best to high frequencies

A

FALSE: the base responds best to high frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the apex responds best to low frequencies

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can be used to determine the threshold for specific frequencies measured at single neurons?

A

pure tones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pure tones can be used to determine the threshold for specific frequencies measured at single neurons, which can then be used to produce _________________________.

A

neural frequency tuning curves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the characteristic frequency?

A

frequency to which the neuron is most sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which cells in the auditory system are referred to as the cochlear amplifier?

A

outer hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do we know that outer hair cells act as cochlear amplifiers?

A
  • damage outer hair cells
  • frequency tuning curve impacted
  • threshold INCREASES –> sensitivity LOWERS –> WORSE HEARING
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the problem with the place theory approach to pitch?

A

effect of the missing fundamental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the effect of the missing fundamental?

A

even if the fundamental is missing, we can generally still perceive it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can the effect of the missing fundamental be explained?

A
  • the harmonics also vibrate the membrane
  • the spacing of the intervals is informative of the fundamental
  • i.e. a second and third harmonic at 400 and 600 Hz allows the system to recognize the 200 Hz fundamental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: frequency tuning curves of auditory nerve fibers tend to be wider at lower frequencies and narrower at higher frequencies

A

FALSE: narrower at lower frequencies; wider at higher frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The LOWER harmonics produced by tones tend to create DISTINCT neural responses, which are referred to as ___________________.

A

RESOLVED harmonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The HIGHER harmonics tend to create neural responses that are NOT CLEARLY DISTINGUISHABLE, and are referred to as ________________.

A

UNRESOLVED harmonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: LOWER harmonics are more USEFUL for perceiving pitch, as compared to higher harmonics

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

review slide 11

A

slide 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The auditory nerve sends signals generated in the ____________ to various subcortical structures while en route to primary auditory cortex.

A

cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the subcortical structures in auditory information transmission?

A
  • cochlear nucleus
  • superior olivary nucleus
  • inferior colliculus
  • medial geniculate nucleus
    (SONIC MG)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 subregions of the primary auditory cortex?

A

core area, belt area, and parabelt area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Temporal coding with phase locking is effective up to _______ Hz in auditory nerve fibers, but only up to _____-______ Hz in auditory cortex.

A
  • nerves = 5000 Hz
  • cortex = 100-200 Hz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At what frequencies is pitch typically not perceived?

A

> 5000 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of neurons respond to the SAME FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY, regardless of what harmonic is heard?

A

pitch neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: there are greater responses to pitch information in the posterior auditory cortex

A

FALSE: anterior auditory cortex

24
Q

What is noise-induced hearing loss?

A

acute exposure to very loud noises can severely damage the hair cells in the organ of Corti

25
Q

What is hidden hearing loss?

A

refers to situations in which individuals may have normal results (e.g. threshold) in a STANDARD HEARING TEST using pure tones played in isolation, but have DIFFICULTY PERCEIVING MORE COMPLEX REAL WORLD SOUNDS

26
Q

Standard measurements of thresholds have more to do with the _______________, whereas functioning of the __________________ may be more important for processing more complex sound-based stimuli.

A

receptors (hair cells); auditory nerve

27
Q

TRUE or FALSE: hidden hearing loss is produced when auditory nerve is functioning normally, but the hair cells are damaged.

A

FALSE: auditory nerve damaged; hair cells intact

28
Q

What is presbycusis? What does it result from?

A
  • results from cumulative effects of exposure to noise over time
  • greatest loss at high frequencies
  • can be caused by exposure to some drugs which DAMAGE HAIR CELLS
29
Q

Does presbycusis affect males or females more severely?

A

males

30
Q

How do cochlear implants work?

A

electrodes in the cochlea directly electrically stimulate auditory nerve fibers

31
Q

What are cochlear implants made up of (4)?

A
  • a MICROPHONE worn behind the ear
  • a SOUND PROCESSOR
  • a TRANSMITTER mounted on the mastoid bone
  • a RECEIVER surgically mounted on the mastoid bone
32
Q

Infants recognize their mother’s voice as early as ________ after birth?

A

2 days

33
Q

Where can people most accurately localize sound?

A

directly in front of them

34
Q

What is auditory localization?

A

locating sounds in space

35
Q

What are azimuth coordinates?

A

left to right position

36
Q

What are elevation coordinates?

A

up and down position

37
Q

What are distance coordinates?

A

position relative to observer

38
Q

How are location cues created?

A

based on how sound waves interact with our heads/ears

39
Q

What are binaural cues?

A

location cues based on the comparison of the signals received by the left and right ears (interaural time and level differences) to determine the azimuth position of sounds

40
Q

What is interaural level difference (ILD)?

A

binaural cue related to differences in sound pressure levels reaching each ear

41
Q

Why is there a reduction in intensity for high frequency sounds for the far ear?

A

head casts an ACOUSTIC SHADOW

42
Q

Why do acoustic shadows not affect low frequency sounds?

A

the distance between waves (frequency) for low frequency sounds is relatively LARGE, in comparison to the object casting the acoustic shadow (i.e. head)

43
Q

What is interaural time difference (ITD)?

A

binaural cue related to differences in the timing of when a sound reaches each ear

44
Q

Where would ITD differ?

A

when the audio source is to the side of the observer

45
Q

TRUE or FALSE: interaural level difference is most effective for localizing low frequency sounds

A

FALSE: INTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE is most effective for localizing low frequency sounds

46
Q

ILD and ITD are useful binaural cues for judging __________ and __________.

A

azimuth and distance

47
Q

What is the cone of confusion?

A
  • ILD and ITD cannot reliably indicate elevation of a sound source
  • conical spaces around the ears with various pairs of points on an imaginary cone would produce the same ITD and ILD
48
Q

What are monaural cues?

A

location cues based on signals reaching a single ear

49
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Monaural cues are particularly important for judging elevation.

A

TRUE

50
Q

What is the monaural cue we primarily rely on?

A

spectral cue

51
Q

What is a spectral cue? Where do they occur?

A
  • involves using info related to the distribution of INTENSITIES of a particular spectrum of frequencies experienced
  • occur because the pinna and head affect the intensity of sound waves entering the system
  • sound waves are reflected off the head, and within the folds of the pinnae, before stimulating the ear drum
52
Q

review slides 32-34

A

mold in ear to get rid of pinnae, judging elevation improved across days with the mold in

53
Q

_________ and _________ work for judging azimuth,

A

ILD and ITD

54
Q

________ works best for high frequency sounds.

A

ILD

55
Q

________ works best for low frequency sounds.

A

ITD

56
Q

_________ cues help us judge elevation.

A

spectral

57
Q

What is the Jeffress neural coincidence model?

A
  • explains physiology of auditory localization
  • some neurons receive input from both ears and respond to ITD (i.e. ITD detectors)
  • coincidence detectors fire when they receive input from both ears/axons simultaneously
  • the coincidence detector that fires indicates WHERE THE SOUND IS COMING FROM

PSYCH 367 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions