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PSYCH 367 > Lecture 18 Hearing in the Environment > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Hearing in the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

The cochlea shows an orderly map of frequencies along its length, which can be referred to as a ___________ organization.

A

tonotopic

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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the apex responds best to high frequencies

A

FALSE: the base responds best to high frequencies

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the apex responds best to low frequencies

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What can be used to determine the threshold for specific frequencies measured at single neurons?

A

pure tones

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5
Q

Pure tones can be used to determine the threshold for specific frequencies measured at single neurons, which can then be used to produce _________________________.

A

neural frequency tuning curves

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6
Q

What is the characteristic frequency?

A

frequency to which the neuron is most sensitive

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7
Q

Which cells in the auditory system are referred to as the cochlear amplifier?

A

outer hair cells

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8
Q

How do we know that outer hair cells act as cochlear amplifiers?

A
  • damage outer hair cells
  • frequency tuning curve impacted
  • threshold INCREASES –> sensitivity LOWERS –> WORSE HEARING
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9
Q

What is the problem with the place theory approach to pitch?

A

effect of the missing fundamental

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10
Q

What is the effect of the missing fundamental?

A

even if the fundamental is missing, we can generally still perceive it

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11
Q

How can the effect of the missing fundamental be explained?

A
  • the harmonics also vibrate the membrane
  • the spacing of the intervals is informative of the fundamental
  • i.e. a second and third harmonic at 400 and 600 Hz allows the system to recognize the 200 Hz fundamental
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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: frequency tuning curves of auditory nerve fibers tend to be wider at lower frequencies and narrower at higher frequencies

A

FALSE: narrower at lower frequencies; wider at higher frequencies

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13
Q

The LOWER harmonics produced by tones tend to create DISTINCT neural responses, which are referred to as ___________________.

A

RESOLVED harmonics

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14
Q

The HIGHER harmonics tend to create neural responses that are NOT CLEARLY DISTINGUISHABLE, and are referred to as ________________.

A

UNRESOLVED harmonics

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: LOWER harmonics are more USEFUL for perceiving pitch, as compared to higher harmonics

A

TRUE

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16
Q

review slide 11

A

slide 11

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17
Q

The auditory nerve sends signals generated in the ____________ to various subcortical structures while en route to primary auditory cortex.

A

cochlea

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18
Q

What are the subcortical structures in auditory information transmission?

A
  • cochlear nucleus
  • superior olivary nucleus
  • inferior colliculus
  • medial geniculate nucleus
    (SONIC MG)
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19
Q

What are the 3 subregions of the primary auditory cortex?

A

core area, belt area, and parabelt area

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20
Q

Temporal coding with phase locking is effective up to _______ Hz in auditory nerve fibers, but only up to _____-______ Hz in auditory cortex.

A
  • nerves = 5000 Hz
  • cortex = 100-200 Hz
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21
Q

At what frequencies is pitch typically not perceived?

A

> 5000 Hz

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22
Q

What kind of neurons respond to the SAME FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY, regardless of what harmonic is heard?

A

pitch neurons

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23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: there are greater responses to pitch information in the posterior auditory cortex

A

FALSE: anterior auditory cortex

24
Q

What is noise-induced hearing loss?

A

acute exposure to very loud noises can severely damage the hair cells in the organ of Corti

25
What is hidden hearing loss?
refers to situations in which individuals may have normal results (e.g. threshold) in a STANDARD HEARING TEST using pure tones played in isolation, but have DIFFICULTY PERCEIVING MORE COMPLEX REAL WORLD SOUNDS
26
Standard measurements of thresholds have more to do with the _______________, whereas functioning of the __________________ may be more important for processing more complex sound-based stimuli.
receptors (hair cells); auditory nerve
27
TRUE or FALSE: hidden hearing loss is produced when auditory nerve is functioning normally, but the hair cells are damaged.
FALSE: auditory nerve damaged; hair cells intact
28
What is presbycusis? What does it result from?
- results from cumulative effects of exposure to noise over time - greatest loss at high frequencies - can be caused by exposure to some drugs which DAMAGE HAIR CELLS
29
Does presbycusis affect males or females more severely?
males
30
How do cochlear implants work?
electrodes in the cochlea directly electrically stimulate auditory nerve fibers
31
What are cochlear implants made up of (4)?
- a MICROPHONE worn behind the ear - a SOUND PROCESSOR - a TRANSMITTER mounted on the mastoid bone - a RECEIVER surgically mounted on the mastoid bone
32
Infants recognize their mother's voice as early as ________ after birth?
2 days
33
Where can people most accurately localize sound?
directly in front of them
34
What is auditory localization?
locating sounds in space
35
What are azimuth coordinates?
left to right position
36
What are elevation coordinates?
up and down position
37
What are distance coordinates?
position relative to observer
38
How are location cues created?
based on how sound waves interact with our heads/ears
39
What are binaural cues?
location cues based on the comparison of the signals received by the left and right ears (interaural time and level differences) to determine the azimuth position of sounds
40
What is interaural level difference (ILD)?
binaural cue related to differences in sound pressure levels reaching each ear
41
Why is there a reduction in intensity for high frequency sounds for the far ear?
head casts an ACOUSTIC SHADOW
42
Why do acoustic shadows not affect low frequency sounds?
the distance between waves (frequency) for low frequency sounds is relatively LARGE, in comparison to the object casting the acoustic shadow (i.e. head)
43
What is interaural time difference (ITD)?
binaural cue related to differences in the timing of when a sound reaches each ear
44
Where would ITD differ?
when the audio source is to the side of the observer
45
TRUE or FALSE: interaural level difference is most effective for localizing low frequency sounds
FALSE: INTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE is most effective for localizing low frequency sounds
46
ILD and ITD are useful binaural cues for judging __________ and __________.
azimuth and distance
47
What is the cone of confusion?
- ILD and ITD cannot reliably indicate elevation of a sound source - conical spaces around the ears with various pairs of points on an imaginary cone would produce the same ITD and ILD
48
What are monaural cues?
location cues based on signals reaching a single ear
49
TRUE or FALSE: Monaural cues are particularly important for judging elevation.
TRUE
50
What is the monaural cue we primarily rely on?
spectral cue
51
What is a spectral cue? Where do they occur?
- involves using info related to the distribution of INTENSITIES of a particular spectrum of frequencies experienced - occur because the pinna and head affect the intensity of sound waves entering the system - sound waves are reflected off the head, and within the folds of the pinnae, before stimulating the ear drum
52
review slides 32-34
mold in ear to get rid of pinnae, judging elevation improved across days with the mold in
53
_________ and _________ work for judging azimuth,
ILD and ITD
54
________ works best for high frequency sounds.
ILD
55
________ works best for low frequency sounds.
ITD
56
_________ cues help us judge elevation.
spectral
57
What is the Jeffress neural coincidence model?
- explains physiology of auditory localization - some neurons receive input from both ears and respond to ITD (i.e. ITD detectors) - coincidence detectors fire when they receive input from both ears/axons simultaneously - the coincidence detector that fires indicates WHERE THE SOUND IS COMING FROM

PSYCH 367 (22 decks)

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