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PSYCH 367 > Lecture 17 Hearing > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Hearing Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals with ___________ eyes that have fields which significantly overlap afford good stereoscopic depth perception.

A

frontal

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2
Q

Animals with __________ eyes have poor stereoscopic depth perception (but gain a more panoramic view).

A

lateral

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3
Q

In the familiarization period, how do infants perceive a larger version of the same toy they had previously seen?

A

they perceive the larger object as being closer because they relied on familiar size to judge distance

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4
Q

infants develop the ability to use shadows to guide depth perception at approximately ________ months.

A

7

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5
Q

What is the physical definition for sound?

A

pressure changes in the air or other medium

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6
Q

What is the perceptual definition for sound?

A

the experience we have when we hear

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7
Q

Describe the 2 processes that allow loud speakers to produce sound.

A
  • CONDENSATION (compression): diaphragm of speaker moves OUT, PUSHING air molecules together
  • RAREFACTION (expansion): diaphragm of speaker moves IN, PULLING the air molecules apart
  • the cycle of this process creates alternating high and low-pressure regions that travel through the air
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8
Q

What are pure tones?

A

tones which create changes in air pressure that can be described by a single sine wave

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9
Q

What is the basic building block of sounds?

A

pure tones

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10
Q

What is frequency?

A

number of cycles within a given time period

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11
Q

What is one Hz in terms of cycles and seconds?

A

one cycle/second

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12
Q

What is perception of pitch related to in terms of physical aspects of sounds?

A

frequency

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13
Q

What is tone height?

A

increase in pitch that happens when frequency increased

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14
Q

What is amplitude?

A

difference in pressure between high and low peaks of wave

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15
Q

What is perception of amplitude known as?

A

loudness

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16
Q

Which scale is used as a measure of loudness?

A

decibel (dB) scale

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17
Q

The decibel scale relates the ________ of the stimulus with the psychological experience of _______________.

A

amplitude; loudness

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18
Q

Both pure and complex tones are __________ tones.

A

periodic

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19
Q

What are periodic tones?

A

tones in which the waveform repeats

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20
Q

What are periodic complex tones?

A

consist of a number of pure tones called harmonics

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21
Q

What is the fundamental frequency? what is another name for it?

A

the repetition rate; aka first harmonic

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22
Q

What are higher harmonics?

A

multiples of the fundamental frequency

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23
Q

What are frequency spectras?

A

plot of the harmonics of a complex sound

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24
Q

What is the frequency of the first harmonic?

A

200 Hz

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25
Q

What is the frequency of the second harmonic?

A

400 Hz

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26
Q

What is the frequency of the third harmonic?

A

600 Hz

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27
Q

What is the frequency of the 4th harmonic?

A

800 Hz

28
Q

review slide 15

A

slide 15

29
Q

What is the human hearing range (frequency)?

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

30
Q

What is the audibility curve?

A

shows the threshold of hearing in relation to frequency

31
Q

What frequency range are humans most sensitive to? What function does it support?

A
  • 2000-4000 Hz
  • important for understanding speech
32
Q

The auditory response falls between the ________________ and the __________________.

A

audibility curve; threshold for feeling

33
Q

what is the threshold for feeling?

A

point at which sounds we can feel sounds, where they can cause pain

34
Q

Equal loudness curves can be determined by using a standard__________ Hz tone.

A

1000

35
Q

review equal loudness curves

A

slide 19

36
Q

What is pitch?

A

perceptual quality we describe as high and low

37
Q

What is timbre?

A

all other perceptual aspects of a sound besides loudness, pitch, and duration

38
Q

What is the effect of missing fundamental frequency (i.e. removal of the first harmonic)?

A

results in a sound with the same perceived PITCH, but with a different TIMBRE

39
Q

____________ is closely related to the harmonics, attack, and decay of a tone.

A

timbre

40
Q

What is attack of tones?

A

buildup of sound at the beginning of a tone

41
Q

What is decay of tones?

A

decrease in sound at end of tone

42
Q

What is the function of the pinna?

A

helps with sound location

43
Q

The ______________ is a tube-like 3 cm long structure in the outer ear.

A

auditory canal

44
Q

What is the function of the auditory canal?

A

protects the tympanic membrane (eardrum) at the end of the canal

45
Q

What is resonance?

A

occurs when sound waves that are reflected back from the tympanic membrane interact with sound waves entering the canal, which can reinforce (increase the intensity of) certain frequencies

46
Q

What is the resonant frequency in the auditory canal?

A
  • the frequency that is most reinforced
  • 1000-5000 Hz
47
Q

The _____________ is a 2 cubic centimetre cavity separating the inner from outer ear.

A

middle ear

48
Q

The stapes transmits vibrations of the incus to the inner ear via the __________.

A

oval window of the cochlea

49
Q

TRUE or FALSE: while the inner and middle ear are filled with air, the outer ear is filled with fluid that is much denser than air

A

FALSE: only inner ear with fluid

50
Q

Which 2 properties of the middle ear assist with amplifying the sound?

A
  1. by concentrating the vibrations of the large tympanic membrane onto the much smaller stapes
  2. by being hinged and therefore creating ‘lever action’ which amplifies a small force
51
Q

Where does transduction of pressure waves occur in the ear?

A

cochlea

52
Q

What divides the 2 sections of the cochlea? What are the 2 sections?

A
  • cochlear partition
  • upper half = scala vestibuli
  • lower half = scala tympani
53
Q

The _______________ is located within the ________________ and contains inner and outer hair cells, which are the receptors for hearing.

A

organ of Corti; cochlear partition

54
Q

___________________ vibrates in response to sound and supports the _________________.

A

basilar membrane; organ of Corti

55
Q

______________________ extends over the hair cells.

A

tectorial membrane

56
Q

The back and forth motion of the oval window transmits vibrations to the liquid inside the cochlea to cause basilar membrane to move ____________.

A

up and down

57
Q

The back and forth motion of the oval window transmits vibrations to the liquid inside the cochlea to cause tectorial membrane to move ____________

A

back and forth

58
Q

The ____________ (parts of the outer hair cells) bend in response to movement of organ of Corti and the tectorial membrane.

A

stereocilia

59
Q

movement in one direction opens ion channels in the _________________ (parts of the sterecilia)

A

tip links

60
Q

What is phase locking?

A
  • nerve fibres firing at/near peak of sound wave, and are thus ‘locked in phase
  • groups of fibres fire with periods of silent intervals, creating a pattern of firing
61
Q

review slide 34

A

slide 34

62
Q

What is the place theory of hearing?

A

frequency of sound is indicated by the place on the organ of Corti that has the highest firing rate

63
Q

How did Bekesy determine the place theory of hearing?

A
  • direct observation of the basilar membrane in cadavers, as well as by building a model of the cochlea using the physical properties of the basilar membrane
  • he noticed that the basilar membrane’s vibration was like a TRAVELLING WAVE
64
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the apex of the basilar membrane is 3-4x narrow than at the base.

A

FALSE: base is narrower

65
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the base of the basilar membrane is 100 times stiffer at the apex

A

TRUE

66
Q

Because the amount of displacement on the basilar membrane is a function of frequency, we can think of the cochlea as effectively functioning like a _______.

A

filter

67
Q

What is the coffee bean filter analogy?

A

???

PSYCH 367 (22 decks)

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