Lecture 6 Scenes and Objects Flashcards
What is the inverse projection problem?
task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina (e.g. difficult because any 2D image on retina could be formed by many 3D objects in environment)
Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine?
- the stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous
- objects can be hidden/blurred
- objects look different from different viewpoints
What are occlusions?
objects are partially hidden/obscured
What is viewpoint invariance?
allows things to be recognized as equivalent from different perspectives
What is structuralism? Who established it? How does it apply to perception?
- school of thought that took a reductionist view of psychological processes (much like a chemist might break down a complex compound into its constituent elements)
- established by Wundt
- views perception as additive combinations of various basic sensations
What is the Gestalt approach? How does it apply to perception?
- school of thought that REJECTED STRUCTURALISM
- views perception as a product of the mind grouping patterns according to laws of perceptual organization
What is the phi phenomenon? what is another name for it?
- occurs when still images are perceived as being in continuous motion when rapidly alternated across different locations
- aka apparent motion
Which phenomenon stimulated the founding of Gestalt psychology?
phi phenomenon
what did Gestalt psychologists argue?
the whole is more than the sum of its parts
what is the law of illusory contours/law of closure?
easily recognizable objects tend to be seen as complete even if parts may be absent
What is the principle of good continuation?
lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path possible
What is the principle of pragnanz? What are two other names for it?
- every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
- principle of good figure or simplicity
What is the principle of similarity?
similar things tend to be grouped together
What is the principle of proximity?
things that are close together in space tend to be grouped together
What is the law of common fate?
objects moving in the same direction tend to be grouped together
What is the law of common region?
elements in the same region tend to be grouped together
What is the law of uniform connectedness?
connected region of visual properties are perceived as a single unit
What is the function of figural cues?
influence perceptual segregation of figure from ground
TRUE or FALSE: areas higher in the field of view are more likely to be perceived as a figure (as opposed to the background)
FALSE: areas LOWER in the field of view
TRUE or FALSE: convex regions are more likely to be perceived as figure
TRUE
Convex regions are more more likely to be perceived as figure. Is this effect stronger or weaker if there is less repetition of form in the the object?
weaker with less repetition
What is the difference between objects and scenes?
- a scene is acted within
- an object is acted upon
What is masking in terms of assessing perception?
a random pattern that is flashed onscreen immediately after a stimulus presentation, used to prevent persistence of vision that can facilitate further processing after the image has disappeared
TRUE or FALSE: the overall gist of a scene is perceived first followed by details
TRUE
