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PSYCH 367 > Lecture 19 Hearing in the Environment > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Hearing in the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

How are ITD values calculated based on tuning curves?

A

time to reach ipsilateral ear minus time to reach contralateral ear

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2
Q

What do positive ITD values on the tuning curve represent?

A

neurons that respond best to sounds that reach the CONTRALATERAL ear first

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3
Q

What do negative ITD values on the tuning curve represent?

A

neurons that respond best to sounds that reach the IPSILATERAL ear first

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4
Q

Why might IT tuning curves be broader in mammals than in birds?

A
  • mammals use population coding to encode ITD (to localize sound)
  • birds use specificity coding
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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: neurons in the left hemisphere are tuned to respond most strongly to sounds reaching the left ear first

A

FALSE: LEFT hemisphere respond more strongly to sounds reaching RIGHT ear first

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6
Q

Area A1 is involved in ____________.

A

locating sound

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7
Q

What resulted when cat A1 areas were destroyed?

A

sound localization ability LOST

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8
Q

What resulted when ferret A1 was destroyed?

A

sound localization ability DECREASED

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9
Q

What resulted when cat A1 was cooled?

A

sound localization ability DECREASED

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10
Q

TRUE or FALES: the anterior belt area is also involved in locating sound

A

FALSE: the POSTERIOR BEST area involved in sound localization

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: posterior belt tuning curves are narrower than A1 tuning curves

A

TRUE (posterior belt single cell recordings revelaed neurons that only respond to sounds coming from particular locations in space –> SPECIFIC)

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: when the cat posterior belt was cooled, ability to differentiate 2 patterns of sound was impaired, but localization ability remained intact

A

FALSE: localization decreased; ability to differentiate 2 patterns intact

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13
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the posterior belt is involved in perceiving more complex sound

A

FALSE: anterior belt for complex sounds

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14
Q

What resulted when the cat anterior belt was cooled?

A

ability to differentiate between 2 patterns of sound decreased (localization unaffected)

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15
Q

Where, or dorsal stream, extends from the ________________ to the ____________ and ______________.

A

posterior belt; parietal lobe; frontal cortex

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16
Q

What, or ventral stream, extends from the ___________________ to the ___________________ and ______________.

A

anterior belt; temporal lobe; frontal cortex

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17
Q

What are the 2 kinds of sound waves that reach your ears?

A

direct and indirect sounds

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18
Q

What is a direct sound?

A

sound that reaches the listener’s ears straight from the source

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19
Q

What is an indirect sound?

A

sound that is REFLECTED off environmental surfaces and then to the listener

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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: when a listener is inside a building, most sound is direct

A

FALSE:
- INSIDE building = both DIRECT and INDIRECT
- OUTSIDE = most sound is DIRECT

21
Q

What is the precedence effect? What does this imply about sounds that reach the ears at 2 different times?

A
  • when sound comes from lead speaker followed by lag speaker with a LONG DELAY, listener hears 2 sounds
  • when delay is decreased to 5-20 msec, listener hears sound only coming from LEAD SPEAKER
  • reflects a threshold for attributing differences in timing –> SLIGHT DIFFERENCES IN DIRECT AND INDIRECT SOUND WAVES REACHING OUR EARS doesn’t lead to perception of distinct sounds
22
Q

What are architectural acoustics? Provide an example

A

study of how sounds are reflected in rooms (e.g. how the design of concert halls influence the perception of sound)

23
Q

What is reverberation time?

A

the time it takes sound to decrease to 1/1000th of its original pressure

24
Q

How does sound seem if reverberation time is too long? too short?

A
  • too long = muddled
  • too short = dead
25
What is the ideal reverberation time?
2 seconds
26
What are some factors related to room design that affect perception of sound?
- intimacy time - reverberation time - bass ratio - spaciousness factor
27
What is intimacy time?
time between when sound leaves its source and when the FIRST REFLECTION ARRIVES
28
What is the best intimacy time?
20 ms
29
What is bass ratio?
ratio of LOW TO MIDDLE FREQUENCIES reflected from surfaces
30
What is the best bass ratio?
high bass ratio
31
What is spaciousness factor?
fraction of ALL SOUND received by listener that is INDIRECT
32
What is the best spaciousness factor?
high spaciousness factor
33
What is an auditory scene?
the array of all sound sources in the environment
34
What is auditory scene analysis?
process by which sound sources in the auditory scene are separated into individual perceptions
35
Why does auditory scene analysis not occur in the cochlea?
simultaneous sounds are processed together in the pattern of vibration of the basilar membrane (i.e. does not separate sounds)
36
What is does onset time tell us?
sounds that start at different times are likely to come from different sources
37
What can we infer about location when separating sound sources?
a single sound source tends to come from ONE LOCATION and moves in a SMOOTH and continuous way
38
What can we infer from similarity of timbre and pitch? Provide an example.
similar sounds are grouped together (e.g. a flute will typically continue sounding like a flute throughout an entire piece of music)
39
What is implied polyphony? What are some other names for it?
- when a single instrument alternates rapidly between streams of low and high notes, the listener perceives it as 2 separate melodies - i.e. compound melodic lines OR auditory stream segregation
40
TRUE or FALSE: when stimuli are played slowly, the listener perceives high and low tones as 2 separate alternating streams
FALSE: - slow= high and low tones alternating within a SINGLE STREAM - fast = 2 SEPARATE STREAMS, one high and one low
41
What is the scale illusion?
- stimuli were 2 sequences alternating between right and left ears - listeners perceive 2 smooth sequences by grouping sounds by similarity in PITCH - because sound with same frequency usually come from same source, this heuristic allows us to accurately separate sound sources
42
What does proximity in time tell us about sounds?
sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source
43
What does auditory continuity tell us about sounds?
sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are usually from the same source
44
How does melody schema affect sound perception?
prior experience and memory affect how we interpret melodies
45
What is the ventriloquist effect? What does it tell us about the relation between vision and audition?
- occurs when an observer incorrectly perceives a sound as coming from a location suggested by visual information - i.e. VISION SUPERSEDES AUDITION
46
What is the two flash illusion? What does it tell us about the relationship between audition and vision?
- seeing a single dot flash on screen is misinterpreted as two flashed dots IF ACCOMPANIED BY 2 BEEPS - i.e. AUDITION SUPERSEDES VISION
47
What are coordinated receptive fields? Provide an example.
- neurons which respond to multimodal stimuli (e.g. sound and vision) that originate in common regions of space - e.g. a neuron in parietal lobe respond to visual info in the lower left of visual field, and sounds coming from the same point in space
48
When blind echolocators created clicking sounds, how did the visual cortex in blind participants and non-blind participants respond?
- activate visual cortex in blind participants - no activation of visual cortex in normal vision participants

PSYCH 367 (22 decks)

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