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PSYCH 367 > Lecture 24 The Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 24 The Chemical Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

What does macrosmatic mean?

A

keen sense of smell for survival

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2
Q

What does microsmatic mean?

A

less keen sense of smell NOT crucial for survival

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: animals are macrosmatic, while humans are microsmatic

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What are pheromones?

A

molecules emitted by members of a species that results in a specific reaction in, or communication with, another individual of the same species

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5
Q

what is anosmia?

A

loss of smell

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: dogs are more sensitive than rats to odours, and both are more sensitve than humans

A

TRUE

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: individual receptors for all animals are equally sensitive to odours

A

TRUE

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: humans have more olfactory receptors than dogs

A

FALSE: dogs have 1 billion, humans have 10 million

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: humans can IDENTIFY odours better than they can DISCRIMINATE

A

FALSE: discriminate>identify

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE: individual molecules have individual odours, and we can perceive each one

A

FALE: we do NOT typically perceive them

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: some molecules that have similar structures smell different

A

TRUE

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: some molecules with different structures smell the same

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Where is the olfactory mucosa?

A

above the nasal cavity, below the olfactory bulb

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14
Q

Odourants are carried via ____________ entering the nose and come into contact with the _______________ embedded in the __________, which contain individual _____________ sensitive to a narrow range of odourants (tuned).

A

an airstream; olfactory receptor neurons (ORN); mucosa; receptors

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: each ORN consists of multiple types of receptors

A

FALSE: one ORN, one type receptor

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16
Q

Describe the combinational code for odour.

A

odourants are codded by PATTERNS OF ACTIVATION OF ORs called RECOGNITION PROFILES

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE: molecules that have similar structures but smell different have similar recognition profiles

A

FALSE: similar structure, different smell, different recognition profiles

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18
Q

What is a parallel between recognition profiles in olfaction and the visual system?

A
  • olfaction: smell coded by patterns of activation of olfactory receptors called recognition profiles
  • vision: input from multiple different pigment types create perception of colour
19
Q

Signals are sent from ___________ to the ____________ in the _____________.

A

ORNs; glomeruli; olfactory bulb

20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: ORNs or a particular type only send their signals to 1 or 2 glomeruli

A

TRUE

21
Q

what are the 2 techniques that have been used to determine how the glomeruli respond to different odourants?

A
  • optical imaging method
  • 2-deoxyglucose (2DG)
22
Q

Describe the optical imaging method for determining how the glomeruli respond to different odourants.

A
  • cortical cells consume oxygen when activated
  • red light used to determine the amt of oxygen in the cells
  • less oxygen = less red light
  • measuring the amt of light reflected reveals which areas of cortex are most active
23
Q

Using optical imaging, the rat olfactory bulb is activated by which 2 kinds of chemicals?

A
  • carbolic acids
  • aliphatic alcohols
24
Q

Describe the 2-deoxyglucose method for determining how the glomeruli respond to different odourants.

A
  • 2DG, which contains glucose, is injected into an animal
  • animal is exposed to different chemicals
  • neural activation is measured by amt of radioactivity present
25
Q

Using 2DG, what is the rat olfactory bulb activated by?

A
  • chemical structure
  • perception
26
Q

TRUE or FALSE: optical imaging shows that there is chemotopic organization in the olfactory bulb

A

FALSE: 2DG (not optical imaging)

27
Q

Signals from the olfactory bulb are sent to ____________ in the temporal lobe and amygdala, then _____________ in the frontal lobe.

A

olfactory bulb –> piriform cortex –> orbitofrontal cortex

28
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the piriform cortex is the secondary olfactory area, whereas the orbitofrontal cortex is the primary olfactory area

A

FALSE: piriform = primary; orbitofrontal = secondary

29
Q

___________________ causes neural activation across the piriform cortex.

A

isoamyl acetate

30
Q

TRUE or FALSE: with isoamyl acetate, the systematic pattern in the olfactory bulb is gone

A

TRUE

31
Q

What is flavour?

A

combination of smell, taste, and other sensations (e.g. such as burning of hot peppers)

32
Q

Odour stimuli from food in the mouth reaches the olfactory mucosa through the ________________.

A

retronasal route

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The taste of MSG is influenced by olfaction

A

FALSE: MSG NOT influenced by olfaction

34
Q

review chart on slide 18

A

slide 18

35
Q

Where are responses from taste and smell first cmbined?

A

orbital frontal cortex (OFC)

36
Q

Interactions between ___________, ____________, ________, _____________ underscore multimodal nature of our experience of flavour.

A

taste, olfaction, vision, touch

37
Q

What do bimodal neurons respond to?

A

more than one sense

38
Q

Where are vision signals sent in terms of flavour.

A

OFC and amygdala

39
Q

Where are touch signals send in terms of flavour?

A

OFC and insula

40
Q

Review diagram on slide 20

A

slide 20

41
Q

Provide an example that demonstrates that OFC modulates its response dpeending on expectations.

A

wine that is presented as more EXPENSIVE more strongly ACTIVATES the OFC

42
Q

Which neurons are affected by satiety in terms of flavour perception? Describe an example

A
  • omPFC
  • preference for one type of food could be reflected in more robust firing when that food is consumed, yet ELEVATED RESPONSE TAPERS off as MORE OF THAT FOOD CONSUMED
43
Q

__________ can be a powerful way to induce memory recall.

A

smell

44
Q

What is the proust effect?

A

ability of taste and olfaction to cue memories

PSYCH 367 (22 decks)

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