Lecture 20 Music Flashcards
What is music?
- a form of emotional conversation
- organized sound
What are some of the basic properties of music?
pitch and melody
What is pitch
quality of tones that range from high to low, often organized on a musical scale (associated with melodies)
What is melody?
the experience of a sequence of pitches as belonging together
What are some of the basic properties of music?
timbre, harmony, consonance, dissonance, rhythm
What is timbre?
refers to various qualities of sound that differ across musical instruments
What is harmony, consonance, dissonance?
qualities of sound (positive or negative) that emerge when multiple pitches are played together
What is rhythm?
refers to a temporal structure created by the inter-onset interval of notes (the time between the onset of notes, not the duration of these notes)
Ancient musical instruments have been found that are between ______________ and ______________ years old.
30000-40000
What are some proposed adaptive functions of music?
- foundational role in the development of language (humans sang before they spoke)
- attracting sexual partners
- playing a role in social bonding and group cohesion
Music may have emerged as a byproduct of other systems that have adaptive function, such as ________, __________, and ___________
hearing, language, emotion
What are the universal aspects of music?
- various emotions
- sequences of notes close in pitch are grouped together
- caregivers sing to their infants
- people listening to music tend to start moving in sync with various properties of music
- has a social context
Music is associated with various positive outcomes, including:
- music training improves performance in other areas (e.g. math, greater emotional sensitivity, language, timing perception, etc.)
- music produces positive feelings
- music evokes memories (music-evoked autobiographical memory or MEAM)
Describe El Haj et al. 2013 study in music-evoked autobiographical memory.
listening to 2 mins of familiar music lead to better memory retrieval in a group of Alzheimer’s patients as compared to 2 mins of silence
What parts of the brain are activated when listening to music?
- amygdala and nucleus accumbens (emotion)
- hippocampus (memory)
- cerebellum and motor cortex (movement)
- visual cortex (while reading music, watching performances, etc.)
- sensory cortex (touch feedback while playing instruments)
- prefrontal cortex (modelling the structure of a piece of music, generation expectations)
What is the beat?
- equally spaced intervals of time, which occur when there are no notes
- creates a framework for other components of music to “fit into” (note, rhythm, etc.)
__________ activity was greater for beat stimuli, as compared to non-beat stimuli.
basal ganglia
while listening to beat stimuli, there is greater neural connectivity between ________________ and _____________.
cortical motor areas; subcortical structures
How is connectivity assessed while listening to beat vs non-beat stimuli?
measure how correlated activity across areas is (i.e. check whether activity in one region can predict activity in another)
Activity in the ____________ the most in the ‘tapping along’ condition, followed by the _________________ condition.
prefrontal cortex; listening with the intention of tapping along later
TRUE or FALSE: brain waves peak off beat
FALSE: on beat
What is a meter?
the organization of beats into bars or measures (often accenting the first beat in each bar)
What is metrical structure
can be created by accentuating in various ways (playing that note louder, with a stronger attack, etc.)
duple meter vs triple meter
- duple: 1234, 1234, 1234, 1234 OR 12, 12, 12, 12
- triple: 123, 123, 123, 123
