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PSYCH 367 > Lecture 20 Music > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Music Flashcards

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1
Q

What is music?

A
  • a form of emotional conversation
  • organized sound
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2
Q

What are some of the basic properties of music?

A

pitch and melody

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3
Q

What is pitch

A

quality of tones that range from high to low, often organized on a musical scale (associated with melodies)

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4
Q

What is melody?

A

the experience of a sequence of pitches as belonging together

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5
Q

What are some of the basic properties of music?

A

timbre, harmony, consonance, dissonance, rhythm

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6
Q

What is timbre?

A

refers to various qualities of sound that differ across musical instruments

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7
Q

What is harmony, consonance, dissonance?

A

qualities of sound (positive or negative) that emerge when multiple pitches are played together

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8
Q

What is rhythm?

A

refers to a temporal structure created by the inter-onset interval of notes (the time between the onset of notes, not the duration of these notes)

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9
Q

Ancient musical instruments have been found that are between ______________ and ______________ years old.

A

30000-40000

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10
Q

What are some proposed adaptive functions of music?

A
  • foundational role in the development of language (humans sang before they spoke)
  • attracting sexual partners
  • playing a role in social bonding and group cohesion
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11
Q

Music may have emerged as a byproduct of other systems that have adaptive function, such as ________, __________, and ___________

A

hearing, language, emotion

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12
Q

What are the universal aspects of music?

A
  • various emotions
  • sequences of notes close in pitch are grouped together
  • caregivers sing to their infants
  • people listening to music tend to start moving in sync with various properties of music
  • has a social context
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13
Q

Music is associated with various positive outcomes, including:

A
  • music training improves performance in other areas (e.g. math, greater emotional sensitivity, language, timing perception, etc.)
  • music produces positive feelings
  • music evokes memories (music-evoked autobiographical memory or MEAM)
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14
Q

Describe El Haj et al. 2013 study in music-evoked autobiographical memory.

A

listening to 2 mins of familiar music lead to better memory retrieval in a group of Alzheimer’s patients as compared to 2 mins of silence

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15
Q

What parts of the brain are activated when listening to music?

A
  • amygdala and nucleus accumbens (emotion)
  • hippocampus (memory)
  • cerebellum and motor cortex (movement)
  • visual cortex (while reading music, watching performances, etc.)
  • sensory cortex (touch feedback while playing instruments)
  • prefrontal cortex (modelling the structure of a piece of music, generation expectations)
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16
Q

What is the beat?

A
  • equally spaced intervals of time, which occur when there are no notes
  • creates a framework for other components of music to “fit into” (note, rhythm, etc.)
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17
Q

__________ activity was greater for beat stimuli, as compared to non-beat stimuli.

A

basal ganglia

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18
Q

while listening to beat stimuli, there is greater neural connectivity between ________________ and _____________.

A

cortical motor areas; subcortical structures

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19
Q

How is connectivity assessed while listening to beat vs non-beat stimuli?

A

measure how correlated activity across areas is (i.e. check whether activity in one region can predict activity in another)

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20
Q

Activity in the ____________ the most in the ‘tapping along’ condition, followed by the _________________ condition.

A

prefrontal cortex; listening with the intention of tapping along later

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21
Q

TRUE or FALSE: brain waves peak off beat

A

FALSE: on beat

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22
Q

What is a meter?

A

the organization of beats into bars or measures (often accenting the first beat in each bar)

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23
Q

What is metrical structure

A

can be created by accentuating in various ways (playing that note louder, with a stronger attack, etc.)

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24
Q

duple meter vs triple meter

A
  • duple: 1234, 1234, 1234, 1234 OR 12, 12, 12, 12
  • triple: 123, 123, 123, 123
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25
Q

What is rhythm?

A

temporal structure created by the inter-onset interval of notes (time between onset of notes)

26
Q

What is syncopation?

A

notes are played off the beat creating jumpiness

27
Q

TRUE or FALSE: syncopation leads to increased neural activation

A

TRUE

28
Q

What is auditory stream integration?

A

grouping notes/tones/sounds together within a single perceived stream to form a coherent melody

29
Q

What is the most common interval size between notes within a melody?

A

1-2 semitones

30
Q

What is the arch trajectory?

A

rising and falling tones

31
Q

In general, large jumps in the distance between notes:

A
  • are more likely to INCREASE in pitch
  • often involve a melody ‘turning around’ to fill in the gap (gap fill)
32
Q

What is gap fill?

A

the missing notes between whatever notes were just played

33
Q

What is tonality?

A

organizing pitches around the note associated with the composition’s key (referred to as the tonic)

34
Q

Beginning/ending compositions with the ____________ is a common practice.

A

tonic note

35
Q

The ____________ was rated as more compatible than other notes (_____________) which indicates how well each notes fit into the scale.

A

tonic; tonal hierarchy

36
Q

What is tonal hierarchy based on?

A

prior experience

37
Q

what are 2 approaches to understanding music and emotion?

A
  • cognitivist approach
  • emotivist approach
38
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

listeners can perceive the emotional meaning of a piece of music, but they don’t actually feel the emotions

39
Q

What is the emotivist approach?

A

listeners emotional response to music involves actually feeling the emotions

40
Q

Music is sometimes described as producing __________ and __________.

A

thrills and chills

41
Q

What is thrill?

A

nervous emotion or tremor caused by intense emotional excitement…producing a slight shudder of tightening through the body

42
Q

What are the most commonly reported physical responses of musicians? (4)

A
  • shivers
  • laughter
  • lump in throat
  • tears
43
Q

Stories can evoke ____________ about _____________. Music is more puzzling, because it can move you, even if it _____________.

A

real emotions; unreal events; refers to nothing

44
Q

________ and __________ had considerable effects on valence.

A

key and tempo

45
Q

What emotions is greater loudness associated with?

A

+ arousal, + scary, - peaceful

46
Q

What emotions are higher registers (pitch) associated with?

A

+ happy, - scary

47
Q

What emotions are greater dissonance associated with?

A

+ tension

48
Q

Many cognitive processes can be understood from the perspective of ______________.

A

our system attempting to build and update a model of what we think is most likely to be happening in our environment

49
Q

Violations of expectations can create ________________ responses.

A

strong emotional responses

50
Q

Like language, music has __________ that govern how we expect the pieces are supposed to come together.

A

syntax

51
Q

In the context of language, the P600 ERP component is thought to index __________________________.

A

awareness of syntax violations

52
Q

TRUE or FALSE: larger p600s found for the target chord from the same key, and to a lesser extent the near key

A

FALSE: larger p600 for FAR KEY, lesser extent NEAR KEY

53
Q

People recognize violations in music in similar way as with language. what is the demonstrated by?

A

larger P600s in response to chord from a far key

54
Q

What is the early right anterior negativity (ERAN)?

A

response to unexpected notes whicch occurs in the right hemisphere a bit earlier than the p600

55
Q

Three areas that can become particularly active while listening to music are the ____________, ___________, and the ______________.

A
  • amygdala (associated with emotion)
  • nucleus accumbens (associated with reward)
  • hippocampus (associated with memories)
56
Q

chills and pleasure are both associated with activity in the _______.

A

nucleus accumbens

57
Q

What is chills and pleasure in response to music interpreted as physiologically?

A

dopaminergic activity (release)

58
Q

what is naltrexone? How is it related to music?

A
  • opiate ANTAGONIST
  • REDUCE emotional response to music
  • implicate EDORPHINS in emotional experience of music
59
Q

What occurs to music perception if the amygdala is damaged?

A
  • reduce/prevent pleasurable musical chill response
  • disrupt ability to perceive emotional tone of piece of music
60
Q

What occurs to music perception if the parahippocampal is damaged?

A

dissonant music is slightly PLEASANT (vs. healthy rate it as unpleasant)

PSYCH 367 (22 decks)

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