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PSYCH 367 > Lecture 22 The Cutaneous Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 22 The Cutaneous Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the somatosensory system?

A
  1. the cutaneous senses
  2. proprioception
  3. kinesthesis
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2
Q

What are the cutaneous senses?

A

perception of TOUCH and PAIN from stimulation of the skin

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3
Q

What is proprioception?

A

ability to sense POSITION of the body and limbs

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4
Q

what is kinesthesis?

A

ability to sense MOVEMENT of body and limbs

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5
Q

Stimulation of the skin allows us to perceive a range of sensations including?

A

details, vibrations, texture, shape

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6
Q

What are the key adaptive advantages offered by the cutaneous senses?

A
  • monitoring damage to our body (via pain)
  • helping us coordinate movements/actions
  • protection (keeping organs safe inside, foreign debris/toxins/pathogens outside)
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7
Q

What is the heaviest organ and protects us by keeping damaging agents from penetrating the body?

A

skin

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8
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

the outer layer of the skin, which is made up of dead skin cells

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9
Q

What is the dermis?

A

below epidermis, contains MECHANORECEPTORS that respond to stimuli such as pressure, stretching, and vibration

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10
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are located close to surface of the skin?

A

merkel receptor and meissner

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11
Q

Which mechanoreceptor has small cutaneous receptive fields?

A

MERKEL and MEISSNER

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12
Q

Which mechanoreceptor fires continuously while stimulus is present?

A

merkel receptor

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13
Q

What does it mean if a mechanoreceptor is SA1?

A
  • slowly adapting
  • fire continuously while stimulus is present
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14
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Merkel receptors are SA1

A

true

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15
Q

What are merkel receptors responsible for?

A

fine details

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16
Q

TRUE or FALSE: we can determine shape of things with mechanoreceptors

A

TRUE

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17
Q

When do meissner corpuscles fire?

A

when stimulus is first applied and when it is removed (rapidly adapting - RA1)

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18
Q

what are meissner corpuscles responsible for?

A

hand-grip

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19
Q

Where are ruffini cylinders located in the skin?

A

deeper in the skin

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20
Q

When do Ruffini cylinders fire?

A

continuously under stimulation (SA2)

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21
Q

What are ruffini cylinders responsible fro?

A

perceiving STRETCHING of the skin

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22
Q

when do pacinian corpuscles fire?

A

when stimulus first applied and when it is removed (RA2)

23
Q

What is pacinian corpuscle responsible for?

A

sensing rapid VIBRATIONS and FINE TEXTURE

24
Q

What is a major challenge for cutaneous senses?

A

distance the signals from these receptors must travel to the brain (vs localized receptors in eye, ear, etc.)

25
Q

Where do cutaneous signals enter the CNS?

A

dorsal root

26
Q

Where do cutaneous senses synapse in the thalamus?

A

ventrolateral nucleus

27
Q

TRUE or FALSE: cutaneous senses are ipsilaterl

A

FALSE: contralateral

28
Q

What are the 2 major pathways for cutaneous senses?

A
  1. medial lemniscal pathway
  2. spinothalamic pathway
29
Q

Describe the medial lemniscal pathway.

A

LARGE fibers that carry PROPRIOCEPTIVE and TOUCH info, and send HIGH-SPEED signals

30
Q

Describe the spinothalamic pathway.

A

SMALL fibers that carry TEMPERATURE and PAIN info

31
Q

Describe the pathway of somatosensory signals from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex.

A

thalamus –> parietal lobe –> S1 –> S2 –> other areas for somatosensory perception

32
Q

Plasticity in neural functioning leads to __________.

A

multiple homunculi and changes in how cortical cells are allocated to body parts

32
Q

What is tactile acuity typically measured?

A
  • two-point threshold
  • grating acuity
33
Q

what is 2-point threshold?

A

minimum separation needed between 2 points to perceive them as being separate/distinct

34
Q

What is grating acuity?

A

placing a grooved stimulus on the skin and asking the participant to indicate the ORIENTATION of the grating

35
Q

What is raised pattern identification?

A

raised patterns (like Braille) to determine SMALLEST SIZE that can be identified

36
Q

How fast can Braille readers read?

A

100 words/minute

37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the firing pattern of Merkel receptors corresponds better with the grooved stimulus than pacinian receptors

A

TRUE

38
Q

_____________ receptors are densely packed on the fingertips (similar to cones in the fovea)

A

merkel

39
Q

TRUE or FALSE: more narrow spacing between receptors results in better acuity

A

TRUE

40
Q

receptor density is the same across all fingertips, though some fingers have more sensitive tips. What does this suggest?

A

other factors can mediate sensitivity…BODY AREAS WITH HIGH ACUITY HAVE LARGER CORTICAL TISSUE DEVOTED TO THEM

41
Q

TRUE or FALSE: areas with higher acuity tend to have larger recepti ve fields on the skin, as well as larger representation in RA2

A

FALSE: high acuity, small receptive fields, S1

42
Q

Areas with higher acuity tend to have smaller receptive fields on the skin, as well as larger representation in S1. How is this consistent with behavioural results?

A

two-point threshold

43
Q

What is a corpuscle?

A
  • minute body or cell in organism surrounding Pacinian receptors
  • responsible for response to vibration
44
Q

Describe a corpuscle? What does it transmit?

A
  • transmit repeated pressure (like vibration) to the actual receptor, not continuous pressure
  • onion
  • layers with fluid between each layer
45
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the corpuscle only transmits continuous pressure

A

FALSE: only REPEATED pressure (like vibration)

46
Q

What is surface texture?

A

physical surface created by peaks and valleys on a given material

47
Q

How does visual inspection lead to inaccurate perception of texture?

A

when illumination is inconsistent, texture appears variable

48
Q

what are 2 cues that perception of texture depends on?

A
  • spatial cues
  • temporal cues
49
Q

How are spatial cues determined? Example?

A
  • by size, shape, and distribution of surface elements
  • e.g. large bumps or grooves that may be visible, which can be felt simply by pressing one’s skin against the material
50
Q

How are temporal cues determined? example?

A
  • by the RATE OF VIBRATION as skin is moved across finely textured surfaces
  • e.g. finer textures, like sandpaper, which require movement across the skin to be accurately perceived
51
Q

What are the 2 conditions that Hollins et al. 2001 adapated skin?

A
  1. 10 Hz stimulus for 6 mins to adapt Meissner corpuscle (respond best to LOW frequency)
  2. 250 Hz stimulus for 6 mins to adapt Pacinian corpuscle (response best to HIGH frequency)
52
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Meissner corpuscle receptrs mediate temporal cues in sensing fine texture

A

FALSE: Pacinian corpuscle

PSYCH 367 (22 decks)

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