Speech Acoustics, Production, Perception

Question 1

What is phonetics?

Answer 1

It is the science and study of speech

Question 2

What are the three subcategories within phonetics?

Answer 2

Acoustic phonetics
Articulatory phonetics
Auditory phonetics

Question 3

Characterization of speech in terms of its acoustics properties (pitch, loudness, time)

Answer 3

Acoustic phonetics

Question 4

More concerned with production features and classification and categorization of speech sounds

Answer 4

Articulatory phonetics

Question 5

This deals with a person’s speech perception or how an individual receives and processes speech (how do we discriminate one sound from one another)

Answer 5

Auditory phonetics

Question 6

What is a sound wave?

Answer 6

Traveling pressure fluctuation. There is one source that had disturbance and that disturbance caused pressure fluctuation.

Question 7

Where do sound waves travel?

Answer 7

Mediums or acoustic filters–Mediums are responsible for propagation of waves, the air is just a way to travel.

Question 8

There are two properties of acoustic medium which affects the acoustic medium.
What are these?

Answer 8

Mass
Elasticity

Question 9

What are the two main types of sound waves?

Answer 9

Periodic sound waves, Aperiodic sound waves

Question 10

Sound waves that are repeating

Answer 10

Periodic

Question 11

Non repeating soundwaves

Answer 11

Aperiodic

Question 12

What is a simple periodic wave? Also known as?

Answer 12

Also referred to as sine. This is characterized by simple harmonic motion. This is very rare in humans, but the baby’s cries are the closest simple periodic wave.

Question 13

What is the complex periodic wave?

Answer 13

• It contains two or more sound waves and is combination of simple periodic waves
• It ripples in a waveform

Question 14

What is a cycle in a complex periodic wave?

Answer 14

A cycle in a complex periodic wave refers to a complete sequence of variations in the wave’s amplitude over time before it repeats itself In simpler terms, it’s the interval during which the wave undergoes all of its characteristic changes in shape and amplitude, returning to the same point where it started.

• Simple terms: Imagine you’re jumping on a trampoline. Every time you jump, you go up, then down, and then back up to where you started—that’s one jump, right? Now, think of a wave as a bunch of jumps happening over and over. In a wave, a cycle is like one full jump. The wave goes up, down, and back up again. Once it’s back where it started, that’s one cycle. Just like you keep jumping the same way over and over, the wave keeps repeating its cycle. -

Question 15

Also called as white noise (e.g., knock on the door). They have a random form. There is no pattern (e.g., static of tv). Transient sounds (sudden and then it disappears (e.g., knock on the door)

Answer 15

Aperiodic wave

Question 16

What is a fundamental frequency?

Answer 16

This is tied to a listener’s pitch perception. This is the rate of vocal fold vibration

Question 17

How do you get the fundamental frequency?

Answer 17

F0 = 1/length of cycle

Question 18

Fundamental frequency is the ____

Answer 18

First harmonic

Question 19

What are harmonics?

Answer 19

Whole number multiples of F0

Question 20

What is an octave?

Answer 20

This is the range of pitch from fundamental frequency to the second harmonic. It is the interval between a fundamental frequency and its second harmonic. The second harmonic has twice the frequency of the fundamental. This means that if the fundamental frequency is, say, 100 Hz, then the second harmonic (and the note one octave higher) would be 200 Hz.

Question 21

What are the types of acoustic filters?

Answer 21

Lowpass, Highpass, Bandpass

Question 22

Only the low frequency sounds will be amplified as such it is only sensitive to low frequency

Answer 22

Low pass

Question 23

This acoustic filter is only sensitive to high frequency sounds. So when a high frequency passes through this filter, it will get amplified.

Answer 23

High pass

Question 24

The vocal tract of a human, what type of acoustic filter is it?

Answer 24

Band pass filter – a combination of the low pass and high pass. Range of sound

Question 25

What is the source filter theory?

Answer 25

The raw sound of vocal folds is not that complex, but as the sound goes through the vocal tract, the sound goes through many filters brought about by the changes by the structure of our vocal tract. So as it goes through these filters, there is added complexity.

Question 26

What happens if the harmonics of source (vocal folds) is closer to the harmonics of the vocal tract?

Answer 26

The sound is enhanced

Question 27

What happens if the harmonics of source (vocal folds) is farther to the harmonics of the vocal tract?

Answer 27

The sound is dampened

Question 28

What is speech perception?

Answer 28

Ability to detect and discriminate speech sounds

Question 29

Where does speech perception start?

Answer 29

Starts at the cochlea

Question 30

Speech perception is dependent on our

Answer 30

Phonetic knowledge - exposure to a language

Question 31

What is categorical perception?

Answer 31

Discrimination between 2 “similar sounds”

Question 32

What is the auditory theory? (Fant)

Answer 32

Fant said that humans have an ability to detect distinctive features.
As humans, we have a template of features in our brain. Through continuous exposure, the features of speech sounds are developed. When we perceive speech sounds, we have feature detectors that compare the incoming auditory stimuli to the template of features in our brain.

Question 33

What is motor theory according to Liberman? What comes in play here?

Answer 33

Speech perception is influenced by articulatory skills. This is where our phonemic inventory comes in. When we perceive speech sounds, we compare it to our phonemic inventory when we perceive it–knowledge on how to produce sounds articulatorily.
McGurk effect

Question 34

What is a Trace model?

Answer 34

Speech perception is heavily influenced and is in frequent interaction with features, phonemes, and words. And these three have different levels.

Question 35

What is cohort theory?

Answer 35

Designed specifically to account for auditory word recognition/ lexical retrieval
Listener maps novel auditory information onto words that already exist in his or her lexicon to interpret the new word.
Each part of an auditory utterance can be broken down into segments by breaking a word down when a word is heard

Question 36

What is the generalized motor program?

Answer 36

• Relative timing
• Relative force
• Relative order
• However there is no feedback

In this motor learning theory, it indicates that the individual has knowledge how fast/long it takes to do it.

Question 37

What is schema theory? What are the characteristics of a schema?

Answer 37

• Schema is the knowledge of an individual of a particular event
• Schema exists as a unit, and is flexible, dynamic, and can change.
  Your knowledge of the GMP, sensory input and proprioceptive input is in one box.

Question 38

What is a movement schema?

Answer 38

You knowledges of the GMP, sensory input and proprioceptive input are in one box or one schema. When we do a movement, it will go through to a schema called recognition schema.

Question 39

What is a recognition schema?

Answer 39

Recognition schema is capable of receiving feedback. So it process once a feedback is given (“ay parang mejo mali ito). Recognizes something is wrong

Question 40

What is the refinement schema?

Answer 40

This is where we make adjustments to our schema. “I think we need to change the movement of the velum so our production is correct”

Question 41

Stores the refinements that an individual did during the refinement. This is the storage

Answer 41

Recall schema

Question 42

The recall schema will go to movement again. True or False

Answer 42

t

Question 43

Who is the proponent of the schema theory?

Answer 43

Schmidt & Lee

Question 44

What are the principles of motor learning?

Answer 44

Small practice vs large practice
Massed or distributed
Constant (practicing one word) vs variable (practicing different variable e.g., sit, mass, etc.,)