Speech Acoustics, Production, Perception Flashcards
What is phonetics?
It is the science and study of speech
What are the three subcategories within phonetics?
Acoustic phonetics
Articulatory phonetics
Auditory phonetics
Characterization of speech in terms of its acoustics properties (pitch, loudness, time)
Acoustic phonetics
More concerned with production features and classification and categorization of speech sounds
Articulatory phonetics
This deals with a person’s speech perception or how an individual receives and processes speech (how do we discriminate one sound from one another)
Auditory phonetics
What is a sound wave?
Traveling pressure fluctuation. There is one source that had disturbance and that disturbance caused pressure fluctuation.
Where do sound waves travel?
Mediums or acoustic filters–Mediums are responsible for propagation of waves, the air is just a way to travel.
There are two properties of acoustic medium which affects the acoustic medium.
What are these?
Mass
Elasticity
What are the two main types of sound waves?
Periodic sound waves, Aperiodic sound waves
Sound waves that are repeating
Periodic
Non repeating soundwaves
Aperiodic
What is a simple periodic wave? Also known as?
Also referred to as sine. This is characterized by simple harmonic motion. This is very rare in humans, but the baby’s cries are the closest simple periodic wave.
What is the complex periodic wave?
- It contains two or more sound waves and is combination of simple periodic waves
- It ripples in a waveform
What is a cycle in a complex periodic wave?
A cycle in a complex periodic wave refers to a complete sequence of variations in the wave’s amplitude over time before it repeats itself In simpler terms, it’s the interval during which the wave undergoes all of its characteristic changes in shape and amplitude, returning to the same point where it started.
- Simple terms: Imagine you’re jumping on a trampoline. Every time you jump, you go up, then down, and then back up to where you started—that’s one jump, right? Now, think of a wave as a bunch of jumps happening over and over. In a wave, a cycle is like one full jump. The wave goes up, down, and back up again. Once it’s back where it started, that’s one cycle. Just like you keep jumping the same way over and over, the wave keeps repeating its cycle. -
Also called as white noise (e.g., knock on the door). They have a random form. There is no pattern (e.g., static of tv). Transient sounds (sudden and then it disappears (e.g., knock on the door)
Aperiodic wave
What is a fundamental frequency?
This is tied to a listener’s pitch perception. This is the rate of vocal fold vibration
How do you get the fundamental frequency?
F0 = 1/length of cycle
Fundamental frequency is the ____
First harmonic
What are harmonics?
Whole number multiples of F0
What is an octave?
This is the range of pitch from fundamental frequency to the second harmonic. It is the interval between a fundamental frequency and its second harmonic. The second harmonic has twice the frequency of the fundamental. This means that if the fundamental frequency is, say, 100 Hz, then the second harmonic (and the note one octave higher) would be 200 Hz.
What are the types of acoustic filters?
Lowpass, Highpass, Bandpass
Only the low frequency sounds will be amplified as such it is only sensitive to low frequency
Low pass
This acoustic filter is only sensitive to high frequency sounds. So when a high frequency passes through this filter, it will get amplified.
High pass
The vocal tract of a human, what type of acoustic filter is it?
Band pass filter – a combination of the low pass and high pass. Range of sound
What is the source filter theory?
The raw sound of vocal folds is not that complex, but as the sound goes through the vocal tract, the sound goes through many filters brought about by the changes by the structure of our vocal tract. So as it goes through these filters, there is added complexity.
What happens if the harmonics of source (vocal folds) is closer to the harmonics of the vocal tract?
The sound is enhanced
What happens if the harmonics of source (vocal folds) is farther to the harmonics of the vocal tract?
The sound is dampened
What is speech perception?
Ability to detect and discriminate speech sounds
Where does speech perception start?
Starts at the cochlea
Speech perception is dependent on our
Phonetic knowledge - exposure to a language
What is categorical perception?
Discrimination between 2 “similar sounds”
What is the auditory theory? (Fant)
Fant said that humans have an ability to detect distinctive features.
As humans, we have a template of features in our brain. Through continuous exposure, the features of speech sounds are developed. When we perceive speech sounds, we have feature detectors that compare the incoming auditory stimuli to the template of features in our brain.
What is motor theory according to Liberman? What comes in play here?
Speech perception is influenced by articulatory skills. This is where our phonemic inventory comes in. When we perceive speech sounds, we compare it to our phonemic inventory when we perceive it–knowledge on how to produce sounds articulatorily.
McGurk effect
What is a Trace model?
Speech perception is heavily influenced and is in frequent interaction with features, phonemes, and words. And these three have different levels.
What is cohort theory?
Designed specifically to account for auditory word recognition/ lexical retrieval
Listener maps novel auditory information onto words that already exist in his or her lexicon to interpret the new word.
Each part of an auditory utterance can be broken down into segments by breaking a word down when a word is heard
What is the generalized motor program?
- Relative timing
- Relative force
- Relative order
- However there is no feedback
In this motor learning theory, it indicates that the individual has knowledge how fast/long it takes to do it.
What is schema theory? What are the characteristics of a schema?
- Schema is the knowledge of an individual of a particular event
- Schema exists as a unit, and is flexible, dynamic, and can change.
Your knowledge of the GMP, sensory input and proprioceptive input is in one box.
What is a movement schema?
You knowledges of the GMP, sensory input and proprioceptive input are in one box or one schema. When we do a movement, it will go through to a schema called recognition schema.
What is a recognition schema?
Recognition schema is capable of receiving feedback. So it process once a feedback is given (“ay parang mejo mali ito). Recognizes something is wrong
What is the refinement schema?
This is where we make adjustments to our schema. “I think we need to change the movement of the velum so our production is correct”
Stores the refinements that an individual did during the refinement. This is the storage
Recall schema
The recall schema will go to movement again. True or False
t
Who is the proponent of the schema theory?
Schmidt & Lee
What are the principles of motor learning?
Small practice vs large practice
Massed or distributed
Constant (practicing one word) vs variable (practicing different variable e.g., sit, mass, etc.,)
