Adult Lang Cog Condition Flashcards
Function of the parietal lobe
Somatosensation
Function of the temporal lobe
Audition, receptive language, long term memory
Function of frontal lobe?
Cognition, movement, expressive language
What Brodmann area is responsible for the following: cognition, personality, decision making, EF, emotional regulation.
BA 9, 10, 11
Prefrontal cortex
BA 8
Frontal eye field
Function: Controlling eye movement, visual attention
BA 44, 45
Broca’s area (inferior frontal gyrus)
Function: Language processing, speech production
BA 6
Premotor cortex
Planning and sequencing of voluntary movements
BA 4
Primary motor cortex
Carries out motor plans from 44 and 6
BA 1, 2, 3
Primary sensory cortex
Function: Receiving and perceiving somatosensory information
BA 5, 7
Somatosensory association cortex
Function: Stereognosis, sensory feedback in speech, and writing
BA 39
Angular gyrus
Function: reading, writing, math
BA 40
Supramarginal gyrus
Function: Phonological processing in spoken and written language
BA 38
Temporal pole
Function: Semantic processing, speech comprehension, narrative comprehension (Left side)
Identifying voices, emotional processing in language (Right)
Theory of mind, empathy (both)
BA 41, 42
Primary auditory cortex
Function: receiving and processing auditory input from auditory pathway (intensity, frequency of sounds)
BA 22
Wernicke’s area
Function: attaching meaning to sounds from 41, 42, if speech and language
Middle and inferior lobe
BA 20, 21
Function: naming objects, recognizing faces
Cingulate cortex
BA 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31. 32, 33
Function: decision making, impulse control, emotional processing, perception of pain, autobiographical memory
BA 27, 28, 34, 35, 36
Function: Semantic, and episodic memory
Parahippocampal gyrus
BA 13, 14, 15, 16
Insular cortex
Function: gustatory and sensorimotor functions
BA 17
Primary visual cortex
Function: receiving and processing visual information from the eyes
BA 18, 19
Associative visual cortex
Attending to visual feature and perceives depth
What is CT Scan? What does it use and create?
- Computer Tomography Scan
- It is a medical imaging procedure that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body’s internal structures.
- It provides more detailed information than standard X-rays and is particularly useful for imaging soft tissues, blood vessels, bones, and organs.
What is an MRI?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
An MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. Unlike a CT scan, which uses X-rays, MRI does not involve ionizing radiation, making it a safer option for certain types of diagnostic imaging.
What is TBI?
- Traumatic brain injury
- Occurs when an external force is exerted on the head causing brain tissue damage (which can be focal or spread out)
- Symptoms can be similar to aphasic clients, or cog-comm disorder clients, or both
- Severity of injury correlated with the symptoms they present after the injury and more specifically with neurologic findings
What is CVD?
- Cerebrovascular diseases (CVD)
Any condition affecting blood flow through the brain or spinal cord.
Also known as “brain attack”; blood flow through the brain is stopped due to a block (ischemic) or due to a rupture in a blood vessel
Stroke
What are the two types of stroke?
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
What is an ischemic stroke?
A stroke causes by narrowing of a blood vessel (stenosis) or a complete blockage
This is a blockage (i.e., a blood clot) developing within the blood vessel
- Thrombus
- Thrombus is a clot that stays in one place
Blockage developing in another part of the body that travels to the blood vessel of the brain via the bloodstream; can be a blood clot or plaque debris
- Embolus
- Embolus - “traveling clot” that moves and blocks a different part of the body.
What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
- A “mini stroke”; is an ischemic stroke that resolves on its own after a short amount of time (a few minutes to 24 hrs)
What are the types of ischemic strokes?
Thrombus
Embolus
Transient
Lacunar
What is a lacunar stroke? Common in?
- An ischemic stroke that affects the deeper parts of the brain (e.g., thalamus, basal ganglia)
- Blockage on smaller arterial vessels
- Common among hypertensive, and/or diabetic patients
- Small damage to the brain (termed as lacune)
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
A stroke caused by a rupture in a blood vessel of the brain
What are the types of hemorrhagic stroke?
Intracerebral
Subarachnoid
What is intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke?
Hemorrhagic stroke within the brain
What is a subarachnoid stroke? Often caused by?
Hemorrhagic stroke where blood leaks into the subarachnoid space; often caused by aneurysm that had ruptured
What are the most common neurodegenerative diseases regarding speech and language?
Dementia
This is a general term used to describe declining cognitive function (memory, comprehension of surroundings, executive functions etc.,) that affects activities of daily living
Dementia
What are the most common types of dementia?
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Vascular dementia
- Lewy body dementia
- Frontotemporal dementia
This is the most common cause of dementia. Changes in the brain cause it to shrink and neurons to eventually die. This causes decline in cognitive function, behavior, and social skills
Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia caused by a lack of blood supplies to different parts of the brain
Vascular dementia
Clumps of a type of protein (alpha-synuclein) called Lewy bodies, form inside neurons causing them to malfunction and die
Lew body dementia
Relatively rare, commonly misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease. Focal shrinking in the frontotemporal part of the brain causes a wide range of decline in cognitive functions depending on which part is most affected. Mostly occurs in younger population compared to Alzheimer’s disease (40-64 years old)
Frontotemporal dementia
If there is a left hemisphere damage the patient may have?
The patient may very likely have aphasia
What is aphasia?
An acquired multimodality communication disorder caused by brain damage
- Can affect reading, writing, speaking, listening
- Usually caused by stroke; other causes can be TBI, or neurodegenerative diseases, or tumors
- Majority of patients that have aphasia have left hemisphere, but in rare cases, patients with right hemisphere damage present with aphasia as it is their language hemisphere
What are the nonfluent aphasias?
- Global aphasia
- Mixed transcortical aphasia
- Broca’s aphasia
- Transcortical motor aphasia
ACRONYM: GB MT (GB MO TEH)
What are the fluent aphasias?
Wernicke’s aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Conduction aphasia
Anomic aphasia
Possible anatomical damage for global aphasia
- Occlusion of the MCA prior to branching
- Larger portion of the perisylvian region of the language-dominant hemisphere
- Large left frontal lobe lesion (severe)
Characteristics of auditory comprehension with a person with Global’s aphasia
Severe auditory comprehension deficit
Characteristics of verbal production with a person with Global aphasia
- Minimal to no verbal output
- Poor repetition
- Poor naming
- Presence of stereotypical utterances
What type of nonfluent aphasia can repeat but cannot comprehend?
Isolated or Mixed transcortical aphasia
What is the possible anatomical damage for a person with Mixed transcortical aphasia
Watershed infarction affecting anterior and posterior extrasylvian region (away from the perisylvian region)
What are the auditory comprehension characteristics of Mixed transcortical aphasia?
Severe auditory comprehension deficit
Characteristics of verbal production with a person with isolation or mixed transcortical aphasia?
- Good repetition
- Word finding difficulties
- Stereotypic utterances
Possible anatomical damage of Broca’s aphasia
- Perisyvlian zone
- BA 44 and 45
- Occlusion of anterior branches of MCA
- Damage on inferior frontal gyrus
Broca’s aphasia auditory comprehension characteristics:
Slightly or moderately impaired
Broca’s aphasia verbal production characteristics
- Agrammatism
- Telegraphic speech
- Poor repetition
- Can co-occur with verbal apraxia
Possible anatomical damage for a person with transcortical motor aphasia
- Lesion in the left frontal lobe involving prefrontal and premotor cortices
- Small subcortical lesions anterior to the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle
Auditory comprehension deficits/characteristics of transcortical motor aphasia
Slightly or moderately impaired
Verbal production characteristics/deficits of transcortical motor aphasia
- Possibly telegraphic speech in spontaneous speech production
- Good repetition
Possible anatomical damage of a person with Wernicke’s aphasia
- Heschle’s gyrus/primary auditory cortex (BA 41)
- Posterior superior or temporal gyrus (BA 22)
- Inferior part of supramarginal and angular gyri
What are the auditory comprehension deficits of a person with Wernicke’s aphasia
Poor comprehension
What are the verbal production deficits/characteristics with a person with Wernicke’s aphasia?
- Produces semantics or neologistic jargons
- Possible anosognosia (not aware that the person may have an impairment)
Possible anatomical damage for a person who has transcortical sensory aphasia?
- Posterior part of parietal or temporal lobes
- Middle temporal gyrus or angular gyrus
Auditory comprehension characteristics/deficits for a person with transcortical sensory aphasia
Poor comprehension
Verbal production characteristics/deficits with a person with transcortical sensory aphasia
- Good word and sentence repetition
- Impaired naming due to word finding problems
Possible anatomical damage for conduction aphasia
- Supramarginal gyrus
- Arcuate fasciculus
- Insula
- Primary auditory cortex
Auditory comprehension deficits/characteristics for a person who may have conduction aphasia
Slightly or moderately impaired comprehension
Verbal production characteristics/deficits for a person with conduction aphasia
- Impaired repetition
- Some word finding difficulties
Possible anatomical damage of anomic aphasia
Left anterior temporal lobe
Auditory comprehension deficits of a person who has anomic aphasia
Slightly impaired comprehension
Verbal production deficits/characteristics of a person who has anomic aphasia
Coherent but with word-finding difficulties
This is considered to be the mildest aphasia
Anomic aphasia
What is anomia?
Word finding difficulty
What is paraphasia?
Production of unintended sound, word, or phrase
What is phonemic paraphasia?
Substitution, rearrangement, addition or omission of a word’s phonemes (e.g., water → “outer”)
What is semantic paraphasia?
Semantically related word (e.g., pencil → ballpen)
What is neologism paraphasia?
Non word (e.g., sinigang → tinuman)
What is circumlocution?
Describing the target word
What is a verbal stereotype?
Can be a sound, syllable, word or phrase that a patient would say as a response to anything
What is agrammatism?
Minimal or no grammar words or function words; does not use morphemes; telegraphic speech (e.g., wru?)
What is semantic jargon?
A continuous or “fluent” utterance consisting of word but do not convey any meaning
What is neologistic jargon?
A continuous or “fluent” utterance consisting of mostly non-words
What is perseveration?
Repetition of a previous response in succeeding instances necessitating a different response
Example: After being shown a picture of a cat and correctly saying “cat,” the individual is then shown a picture of a dog but still says “cat” instead of “dog.” They may continue repeating “cat” despite different stimuli or questions.
Symptoms of aphasia: auditory processing
- Slow rise time
- Noise build up
- Intermittent auditory imperception
- Information capacity deficit
- Retention deficit
What is slow rise time?
Comprehends the latter part of a message or command; may perform better after 4-5 instances on a auditory processing activity
What is noise build up?
Comprehends the initial part of a message or command; may notice decline in performance on the latter part of an activity
What is intermittent auditory imperception?
Processing fades in and out randomly
What is the information capacity deficit?
Difficulty in receiving and processing a message, resulting in a longer response time and would notice a difference in performance when giving simple vs a complex (e.g., longer) command
What is the retention deficit?
Comprehends the message up to a certain point and then would forget; better performance in short commands and would commonly say “nakalimutan ko na sinabi mo” when given longer commands.
A retention deficit refers to difficulty in holding onto information over a period of time. The person might be able to process and understand the information initially, but they are unable to store it in memory for later use.
True to False. Aphasia is a left hemisphere damage.
True
Right hemisphere damage
- Acquired disorder usually from a stroke or TBI
Characterized with communication difficulties although different from aphasic patients
Cognitive functions such as attention/perception, memory, and EF are also affected.
Common communication deficits of right hemisphere damage
- Difficulty determining main point in a paragraph or sentence
- Disorganized manner of relaying information
- Difficulty in correctly interpreting figurative language
- Problems in understanding communicative importance of prosody
Common attention/perception disorders with right hemisphere damage
- Anosognosia (unaware of or denies a neurological deficit or illness they have, despite clear evidence of it.)
- Visuospatial neglect/inattention
- Prosopagnosia
- Inability to reconstruct simple drawings
- Auditory perceptual problems
What are the characteristics of early stages of dementia?
- Disoriented with time
- Difficulties with recalling
- Still can converse well, although will have tendencies to ramble
- Possible word-finding difficulties
Middles stages of dementia
- Disoriented with time and place
- Memory impairment is more noticeable
- Dependent on tasks that they would normally do on their own (e.g., cooking, taking meds, buying groceries(
- Repetitive stories or arguments
- Presence of semantics paraphasias and misuse of syntax or morphological forms
Late stages of dementia
- Disoriented with time, place, and person
- Dependent on most ADLs
- Verbal output could be minimal to none
- Poor comprehension
