Fluency Condition Flashcards

Question

What are the cognitive aspects of stuttering?

Answer 1

- Anticipation - Avoidance - anticipation leads to avoidance (e.g., feared words, feared situations, persons) - Attitudes about communication - even young children exhibit **negative attitudes** regarding communication, understands that their speech is different from peers which leads to negative attitudes

Answer 2

**Visible reactions** accompanying speech interruptions Function to **conceal or avoid stuttering** **Attempts to minimize stuttering** Feature in the stuttering severity instrument Can be any part of the voluntary musculature–may be independent from observable interruptions (eye blinking, etc.,)

Answer 3

- Avoidance - feared words are avoided altogether (e.g., word substitution, circumlocutions) - Postponement - delaying the attempt of feared word which may come by using strategic pauses (Example: “you know” “well”) - Starting tricks - tricks to make the first sounds easier (“uh”, grimacing) - Escape behavior - attempt to terminate a block (e.g., head jerk, gasp) interjection - Anti expectancy - distracting attention from fear, preventing fear

Answer 4

Answer: c. The listener attends to the message, not how it is produced

Answer 5

Answer: d. Unfilled pause

Answer 6

Answer: a. Involuntary repetitions or prolongations in speech that are difficult to control Rationale: Wingate (1964) describes stuttering as involuntary and uncontrollable disruptions.

Answer 7

Answer: b. Word substitutions Rationale: Word substitutions are an avoidance strategy, not a primary behavior of stuttering.

Answer 8

Answer: b. Speech flows without thought or excessive muscular exertion Rationale: Automaticity in speech refers to the effortless and fluid nature of communication.

Answer 9

Answer: a, c, d Rationale: Typical disfluencies include phrase repetition, monosyllabic whole-word repetitions, and filled pauses.

Answer 10

Answer: b. Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive aspects of stuttering Rationale: The ABC model refers to emotional, behavioral, and cognitive components of stuttering.

Answer 11

Answer: b. Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) Rationale: Persistent sound repetitions with tension are signs of stuttering in children.

Answer 12

Answer: c. Avoidance behavior Rationale: Avoiding feared words is a cognitive response to anticipated stuttering.

Answer 13

Answer: b. Secondary behaviors Rationale: Secondary behaviors, such as head jerking, are learned reactions to stuttering.

Answer 14

Answer: a, b, d Rationale: These behaviors align with DSM V criteria for stuttering.

Answer 15

Answer: a, c, d Rationale: These are types of pauses

Answer 16

Answer: c. Dysfluency may include typical interruptions, but stuttering includes loss of control and covert reactions Rationale: Stuttering is distinguished by loss of control and emotional reactions.

Answer 17

Answer: c. Fear of listener reactions Rationale: Cognitive and affective factors like fear play a role in anticipation stuttering.

Answer 18

Answer: b. To avoid and conceal moments of stuttering Rationale: Secondary behaviors are used to minimize the occurrence of stuttering.

Answer 19

Van Riper These are four alternate paths or “tracks” which stuttering appeared to develop

Answer 20

Stuttering is initially effortless, unhurried repetitions, extreme fluctuations and long remissions (there are long periods of good fluency and long periods of stuttering)

Answer 21

Children who were late in beginning to talk → Language delay Rapid, irregular syllable Word repetition from the beginning.

Answer 22

Sudden inability to speak/complete blockage Soon following by severe forcing and struggle, breathing abnormalities, frustration Fear and avoidance

Answer 23

Sudden onset of stuttering Repetition of phrases, words, and syllables Stutter openly with few avoidances ( Little change in their stuttering over the years

Answer 24

Bloodstein: Ages: 2-6 Guitar: 3.5 - 6 years

Answer 25

Bloodstein: Episodic stuttering, appears when emotional, repetitions predominant, low concerns Guitar: Part word repetitions, tensions, prolongations, frustrations but not full awareness, pitch rise post pre/pro

Answer 26

Bloodstein: Elementary age Guitar: 6-14 years old

Answer 27

Bloodstein: Chronic phase, self-concept developing but no concern regarding difficulty, occurs for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs (content words) Guitar: Full range of stuttering behaviors, avoidance, avoidance strategies, avoidance of situations prep behaviors, shame, embarrassment, emerging fear

Answer 28

Bloodstein: 8-adulthood Guitar: Adulthood

Answer 29

Bloodstein: In response to situations, there are certain words that are more difficult, noi avoidance, no fear, rather irritation, anticipation is developing Guitar: Advanced stuttering, all of the features and impacts of stuttering (primary and secondary)

Answer 30

Late adolescent and adulthood Fearful anticipation Feared sounds and words Conscious of other reactions Avoidance of situations

Answer 31

**Core behaviors are not readily observable** **Affective and cognitive impacts** amplified Interiorized stuttering Rarely appeared to block at all **Anticipation and avoidance** are most difficulty

Answer 32

Word initial seen in typical childhood fluency disorder Less common than typical stuttering Repetitions of the syllables or consonants Middle (e.g., oliv-viv-ver) and end (e.g., oliver-er-er

Answer 33

Stuttering begins in adulthood–no stuttering in childhood Late onset stuttering, organic stuttering Acquired stuttering is quite rare Causes head trauma, stroke, etc.,

Answer 34

**Content and function words equally likely** **Annoyance** no anxiety Primary behaviors not only in the initial position **Secondary behaviors are rare** No “adaptation effect” Stuttering regardless of task (e.g., imitation, conversations, reading)

Answer 35

This is another acquired stuttering Also adult onset Absence of neurological pathology Evidence of stress or other psychological factors

Answer 36

It is also a fluency disorder Segments are **too fast overall, too irregular, or both** **Imprecise articulation** → articulation errors **Excessive normal disfluencies** Excessive collapsing or deletion of syllables and or Abnormal pauses, syllable stress, or speech rhythm

Answer 37

**Speaking rate** - Cluttering is irregular +300 syllables per minutes - Stuttering is regular: 240 syllables per minute **Speech articulation** - Cluttering - slurred and/or omission - stuttering: normal **Speech disfluencies** - Cluttering is primarily other disfluencies - stuttering is primarily stuttering-like disfluencies **Self perception/anxiety** - cluttering may be unaware of disfluent speech/no anxiety, - stuttering may be aware of disfluent speech/anxious **Expressive language** - cluttering, EL is disorganized - stuttering it is organized

Answer 38

Freudian basis that stuttering happen to fulfill erotic need Lost appeal in modern speech pathology Not much research support

Answer 39

Momentary failure of physiological coordination among speech subsystems.

Answer 40

Inherited predispositions of persons → **speech production breakdown** West’s theory viewed the moment of stuttering as a kind of miniature seizure Affects the speech-motor system Precipitated by emotional stress

Answer 41

Constitutional predisposition to motor and sensory perseveration Similar to the perseverative behavior or person’s with aphasia “being stuck” Characteristics: failure of coordination → stuttering as the result of a failure of coordination of respiration, phonation, and articulation

Answer 42

Reflexes abnormally triggered when OPM movement exceed ranges of velocity, displacement, or positioning

Answer 43

Conflict between the cerebral cortices For control of the activity of the speech production system Research has failed to show convincingly who stutter are distinguished either by left-handedness or ambidexterity Conflict kung anong hemisphere ba yung in charge with speech production

Answer 44

Dysfunction in basal-ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuits Key role in stuttering Impairing the ability of BG to regulate **timing cues for speech initiation** If there is a dysfunction of basal ganglia = **unwanted movements**

Answer 45

**Weakness in the feedforward system** PWS inappropriately dependent on auditory and somatosensory feedback Leads to speech errors

Answer 46

Pre-supplementary motor area, basal ganglia and cerebellum Pacing the temporal sequences in articulation Identified tracts which appear to be less well-developed in children Difference in connectivity among brain regions Yung mga brain regions na in charge sa speech ay hindi nagcoconnect ng maayos

Answer 47

Maintained by positive and negative reinforcements on complex multiple schedules Changing the form of **nonfluency to struggle or silence** The termination of aversive stimuli from the listener or the speaker’s own negative reactions to their speech Nonfluency yung reinforcement nagusto nila matanggal (or yung negative feeling nila about doon) kaya nagaavoid sila

Answer 48

Stuttering as a disruption of fluency Causes is the emotional arousal (bell) associated with speech and speech-related stimuli Stuttering block (salivation) represents not operant but respondent behavior Based on typically fluent speakers, stress may produce autonomic reactions capable of disrupting speech fluency Stress ang trigger for stuttering

Answer 49

**Learned belief that speaking is difficult** → conscious interference with the way they speak Analogous to playing sports or playing an instrument in public (shooting in front of the crowd will be more difficult, likewise with speaking) Iniisip mo na mahirap magsalita so nahihirapan ka talaga

Answer 50

Parent feedback for child’s “aberrant speech” (typical dysfluency) → child learns that their speech is aberrant → anticipatory struggle Wrong diagnosis from the part of the parents Dahil lumaki bata na timgin nila mali pagsasalkta nila, inaanticipate nila na kadamagttry silang magsalita is mali na hence anticipatory struggle

Answer 51

Continuity hypothesis Yung mga normal na tension or pag utal lumalala dahil sa pressure and failure to communicate effectively

Answer 52

Hypothesized that the **speech-planning process of people who stutter is impaired** and tends to result in the production of phonetic plans that contain an abnormally large number of errors. **Errors in the phonetic plan**

Answer 53

It is an autonomous model of the production of spontaneous speech that applies to speakers who stutter and fluent speakers. Planning and execution are independent processes that reflect the linguistic and motor levels, respectively. Failures in the normal mode of interaction between the plan and ex processes can lead to fluency failures when plans are too late in being supplied to the motor plan system. Generally, fluency failure arises whenever there is this underlying problem but, according to explan, there are two distinct. Late yung pagpasa ng plano sa motor aspect (execution) so nagkakadysfluency

Answer 54

False. Large proportion of persons with stuttering will spontaneously recover when they reach adulthood

Answer 55

Prevalence

Answer 56

2.5 years (around 30 months

Answer 57

1. More than 2 syllables 2. More than 2 words 3. Faster than normal 4. Irregular 5. Often present 6. Often interrupted 7. Often apparent

Answer 58

1. Longer than 1 second 2. More than 1 per 100 words 3. Uneven or interrupted 4. Important when present 5. May show rise in pitch 6. Interrupted airflow 7. Sudden