Principles Of Assessment Flashcards
What is assessment?
Process of collecting valid and reliable information, and then integrating and interpreting it to make a judgment or a decision about something
What is reassessment?
Appropriate when the patient exhibits a change in functional speech and language communication skills.
What is discharge?
Ideally occurs when the individual, family, or designate guardian, and speech-language pathologist as a team conclude that the communication or feeding and swallowing disorder is remediated or when compensatory strategies are successfully established.
What is management? Also known as? What is its correct progression?
AKA treatment or intervention
It is a dynamic process that follows a systematic progression
Diagnosis → selection of appropriate therapy targets → training procedures → mastery of behaviors
What is screening? Where does it most commonly occur?
Purpose: To quickly identify those individuals who communicate WNL vs comm dsco
Latter: Referred for a complete evaluation
It is not in-depth assessment and should not take more than a few minutes
Most commonly occur in schools
What is diagnosis?
Clinical decision regarding the presence or absence of a disorder and, often, the assignment of a diagnostic label
What is the purpose of assessment?
Assessing, describing, and interpreting an individual’s communication ability (ASHA)
What is a good assessment?
- A good assessment is thorough
- A good assessment uses a variety of assessment modalities
- A good assessment is valid
- A good assessment is reliable
- A good assessment is tailored to the individual client
According to this model, the PWDs or viewed as victims or as the problem–sees them as their disorder. Attitudes: pit, sympathy, charity
Charity Model
What is the medical model?
- Focuses solely on diagnosing and treating the health condition itself, often ignoring broader social or environmental factors
- PWDs need to be cured and they are passive recipients of care. The aim is to make them “normal”, implying that they are abnormal.
It is a framework for understanding and treating health and illness, primarily focusing on the biological and physiological factors that contribute to a patient’s condition. It operates on the assumption that health issues are rooted in physical causes—such as genetics, infections, biochemical imbalances, or physical injuries—and that treatment should aim to correct these biological abnormalities
What is the social model?
Emphasizes that societal barriers create disability
It is a framework for understanding a wide range of social issues, particularly focused on how society and its structures affect individuals, especially in relation to disability, health, and well-being. Unlike models that emphasize individual pathology or biological determinism (like the medical model), the social model centers on how external, societal factors contribute to challenges people face and how societal changes can improve individual outcomes
What is a rights-based model?
Focus: Fulfillment of basic human rights
This framework emphasizes the importance of recognizing, protecting, and promoting the rights of individuals and communities as a fundamental aspect of addressing social, economic, and political issues. It is often applied in fields like development, human rights, healthcare, disability advocacy, and education. Unlike other models that may focus on needs or charity, the rights-based model focuses on individuals as rights holders with entitlements, and governments or institutions as duty bearers responsible for fulfilling those rights. The model is grounded in the idea that all people are born with certain rights that are inherent, universal, and non-negotiable These rights cannot be given or taken away and apply to all people, regardless of nationality, race, gender, or economic status.
ICF Model (Difference of activities and participation)
Activity is the skill or activity itself, participation is applying that skill to be able to participate in society.
This model is used across multi-disciplinary care. It helps healthcare professionals develop personalized care plans that focus on improving a person’s functioning, rather than just treating the medical condition. The ICF is essentially a biopsychosocial model, integrating biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and disability. It takes into account not just the health condition but also the broader context of a person’s life, including environmental and personal factors. The focus on participation encourages social inclusion and the removal of societal barriers.
ICF Model
What are the three different barriers to participation?
Attitudinal, environmental and institutional
What are the basic components of a rights-based model?
Empowerment of PWDs and accountability of the government and other institutions
What are the factors of the ICF Model?
Body function/body structure
Activities
Participation
Environment factors
Personal factors
These tests are always standardized. It allows a comparison of an individual’s performance to the performance of a larger group, called a normative group. Ask the question, “how does my client compare to the average?”
Norm-referenced tests
What are the advantages of norm-referenced tests?
Objective; comparison to a large group of similar individuals, test administration is usually efficient, widely recognized, common ground of discussion with other professionals, clinicians are not required to have a high level of clinical experience and skill (guidelines in manual). Preferred for insurance, schools
What are the disadvantages of norm-referenced tests?
It is static and does not allow individualization. It tells what a person knows, not how a person learns. Testing situation may be unnatural and not representative of real life. It also evaluates isolated skills without considering other contributing factors. Considerations for culturally and linguistically diverse clients. Must be administered exactly as instructed for the results to be considered valid and reliable.
What are criterion-referenced tests?
Identifies what a client can and cannot do compared to a predefined criterion. It answers the questions, “How does my client’s performance compare to an expected level of performance?” It assumes that there is a level of performance that must be met for a behavior to be acceptable; any performance below that level is considered deviated. This may or may not be standardized. Furthermore, it is used most often when assessing client for neurogenic disorders, fluency disorders, and voice disorders; some aspects of articulation or language
What are the advantages of criterion-referenced tests?
Usually objective, test administration is usually efficient. It is widely recognized; common ground of discussion with other professionals. Preferred for insurance, schools. With non-standardized criterion-referenced tests, there is some opportunity for individualization
What are the disadvantages?
Standardized criterion-referenced tests do not allow for individualization, and must be administered exactly as instructed for the results to be considered valid and reliable. It evaluates isolated skills without comparing other contributing factors. Testing stimulation may be unnatural and not representative of real life.
How to know if a test is norm- vs. criterion-referenced tests?
Test purpose and scoring
Norm-referenced tests use percentile, while criterion-referenced tests uses scoring systems such as pass or fail or mastery levels
Test content and administration
**Criterion-referenced tests it’s more likely to focus on specific skill sets **
Test manuals and resources
Check publisher websites and professional association
Also known as alternative assessment or nontraditional assessment. Also identifies what a client can and cannot do; differentiating aspect: emphasis on contextualizing testing, so the test environment is more realistic and natural (e.g., client with social comm disorder: clinic vs. real life situations). This is ongoing as it evaluates the child’s performance during diagnostic and treatment phases.
Authentic assessment approach
What strategies can you use in an authentic assessment approach?
Systematic observation, real-life simulations, language sampling, structured symbolic play, short-answer and extended-answer responses. Self-monitoring and self-assessment. Involvement of caregivers and other professionals.
What are the advantages of an authentic assessment approach?
It is more natural; most like the real world
Clients participate in self-evaluation and self-monitoring
Allows for individualization
Particularly beneficial with culturally diverse clients or special needs clients
Offers flexibility
Disadvantage of authentic assessment approach?
May lack objectivity
Procedures are not usually standardized; thus, reliability and validity are less assured
Implementation requires a high level of clinical experience and skill. Approach is not efficient, requiring a lot of planning time. May be impractical in some situations. Insurance companies and school districts prefer known tests entities for third-party payment and qualification for services
True or False. Dynamic assessment is a form of authentic assessment?
True
What is the purpose of dynamic assessment?
Purpose is to evaluate a client’s learning potential based on their ability to modify response after the clinician provides assistance. Especially appropriate when assessing clients with cognitive communication disorders, clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (language disorder vs language difference)
What is language disorder?
Difficulties in all of the client’s languages. There is significant difficulty in acquiring or using language skills compared to others of the same age and background.
What is language difference?
Difficulties only while speaking one language.
It is not a deficit. In most settings, clinicians cannot recommend therapy for clients who exhibit only communicative differences, but acceptable to provide therapy to clients who are electively receiving therapy for them (example: to modify a foreign accent)
