Respiration And Phonation Flashcards
What is respiration? When does gas exchange happen?
It is the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment which happens in the alveoli
Gas exchange happens within the minute air sacs known as the alveoli
What are the vertebral columns? How many of each of the following vertebrae are there?
Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccyx
What is the difference between the superior and inferior part of the vertebrae?
The vertebrae on the inferior part of vertebral column are larger to support ambulation and lifting while the vertebrae on the superior part of the vertebral column have foramens or openings for the vertebral artery.
Only the _____ has no spinous process but has what?
Only the C1 has no spinous process but has posterior tubercle.
What is the body of the vertebra?
Corpus
This is where the vertebral artery passes through
Transverse process
This _____________ passes through the vertebral foramen
Spinal cord
This is the point of attachment between the vertebrae
Inferior articular facet
This supports the skull for rotation
C1: Atlas
This is where the skull pivots
C2: Axis
This is the landmark of C2. This protrudes to the C1.
Odontoid process
This is the bases for the respiratory framework, because this is the posterior point of attachment of the ribs at the superior costal facet and transvere costal facet.
Thoracic vertebrae
This is where the ribs attach
Superior costal facet
Ribs, 1, 10, 11 and 12 they have 1:1 attachment to their corresponding thoracic vertebrae. So the rib 1 is attached to T1. While the rest of the ribs are attached to transverse process and body of the same # of vertebrae and also the body of the vertebra above it (e.g., Rib 2 is attached to the transvere process of T2 and body of T2 and body of T1) True or False.
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This vertebrae has bigger corpus and is important for lifting and walking.
Lumbar vertebrae
The pectoral girdle is composed of
Sternum, clavicle, and scapula
This is composed 5 sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
This part of the ribs is where the curve starts
Angle
How many true ribs are there?
True ribs 1-7
These ribs have direct attachment to the sternum
True ribs (1-7)
These ribs are connected to the sternum through cartilage but this cartilage runs superiorly
False ribs (8-10)
These ribs are not attached to the sternum but are only attached the the vertebrae column
Floating ribs (11-12)
What are the two respiratory movements of the ribs?
Pump handle movement
Bucket handle movement
This movement increases the front-to-back (anterior-posterior) dimension of the thorax or chest cavity, by moving upwards and forward.
Pump handle movement
This movement increases the lateral diameter of thoracic activity
Bucket handle movement
What happens to our lungs, ribs, and air pressure when we inhale?
Lung Expansion:
* Diaphragm Contracts: The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle below your lungs, flattens downward.
* Ribs Expand: The intercostal muscles between your ribs contract, lifting the ribcage outward.
* Increased Volume: This combined action creates more space in the thoracic cavity.
* Lung Inflation: As the space increases, the lungs expand to fill it.
Air Intake:
* Lower Pressure: The increased volume of the lungs creates a lower pressure inside them compared to the outside air. (The gas molecules are attracted to lower pressure, thus they go inside our lungs)
* Air Inflow: Air is drawn into the lungs through the nose and mouth, filling the expanded spaces.
* In essence, the inhalation process involves creating more space in the chest cavity and drawing air into the lungs to fill that space.
This part of the sternum is where the second rib attaches to
Manubriosternal angle
What is the trachea? How long? How many cartilage rings?
The trachea is a flexible tube, 11 cm in length and is composed of 16-20 myelin cartilage rings and is open at the posterior aspect.
How many lobes does the right and left lungs have?
2 lobes for the left lung and 3 lobes for the right lung 🫁
This is the most common site of aspiration or aspiration injury
Right main of bronchus
This is a thin layer of fluid located between the two layers of the pleura
Intrapleural fluid
This pleura lines the chest wall, the diaphragm, and the mediastinum. It provides a protective layer for the lungs from the structures of the chest cavity. This is the outer layer or covering of a body cavity.
Parietal Pleura
This pleura directly covers the surface of the lungs, including the fissures that separate the different lobes of the lungs.This is the inner layer of a cavity wrapped around body organs.
Visceral Pleura
What do you call the superior aspect of each lung?
apex
This is the inferior aspect of the lung
base
Boyle’s law states that as the volume increases, what happens to the air pressure?
It decreases
This is the primary inspiratory muscle
Diaphragm
___________ are those muscles whose mechanical advantage or action is to increase lung volume
Inspiratory muscles
__________ are those whose mechanical advantage or action is to decrease lung volume
Expiratory muscles
Where is the point of origin of the diaphgram?
Xiphoid process of the sternum, the inferior margin of the rib cage
These muscles are additional muscles that help with breathing, particularly during deep or labored breathing.
Accessory Muscles
Name the most common accessory muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Trapezius
Pectoralis major
Abdominal muscles
External intercostal
Intercostal
What are the anterior thoracic muscles?
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
This anterior thoracic muscle elevates the ribs, where its course is down and obliquely in. So this is important for forced inhalation.
External intercostal
This internal intercostal helps with inspiration
Internal intercostal muscles–interchondral portion
What are the posterior thoracic muscles of inspiration?
LC SPS Levator Co Ser
Levatores costarum
Serratus posterior superior
Which one of the following is NOT true of inspiration:
a. contraction of the diaphragm muscle helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity
b. relaxation of the external intercostal muscles helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity
c. increased intrapulmonary volume causes inhaled gasses to spread out
d. the decreased gas pressure produces a partial vacuum that forcibly sucks air in
e. air continues to move into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure
b. relaxation of the external intercostal muscles helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity
Explanation: During inspiration, the external intercostal muscles contract, not relax. Their contraction lifts the rib cage upward and outward, increasing the thoracic cavity’s volume. Relaxation of these muscles would actually reduce the size of the thoracic cavity.
We can forcefully expire by contracting the muscles of the abdominal region which, in turn, squeeze the abdomen and force the viscera upward, reducing the size of the thorax. True or False.
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What are the anterior/lateral expiratory muscles?
Internal intercostal interosseous portion
Innermost intercostal
Transversus thoracis
What is the tidal volume?
The volume of air that we breathe in during a respiratory cycle
It is the volume of air that is in reserve for use beyond the volume you would breathe in
tidally. Can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) (2475)
It is the amount of air you could expire after that tidal expiration, amounting to about 1000 cc (1.0 liter)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (1000)
It is the volume remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
Reserve volume
What is the dead space air?
It is the air within the conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange
What is the inspiratory capacity?
Total volume for the amount of inhalation that a person can take in. It is the maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration (IC + TV = IRV)
What is the functional residual capacity?
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
What are the forces that support or drive passive expiration?
Elasticity, gravity, and torque
How does the gravity support in passive expiration?
When standing or sitting erect, gravity acts on the ribs to pull them back after they have been expanded through the effort of the accessory muscles of inspiration.
This is a rotational force which allow the ribs to naturally rotate back to their original position due to elastic properties of the thoracic structures. It contributes to the reduction in the thoracic cavity volume, helping to expel air from the lungs as part of the natural process of passive expiration.
Torque
This is a device used to measure respiratory volume
Spirometer
Define the cycle of respiration
One inspiration and one exhalation
This quiet breathing pattern, known as quiet tidal respiration (because it can be visualized as a tidal flow of air into and out of the lungs), involves about _______ mL of air with each cycle.
500 mL (1⁄2 liter)
How many cycles of respiration per minute during quiet tidal respiration for an adult?
12-18 cycles of respiration per minute
The volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation
Vital capacity
The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration (__ = TV + IRV).
Inspiratory capacity
This is the volume of air remaining in the body after a passive exhalation. In the average adult, this comes to approximately 2100 mL.
Functional residual capacity (ERV + RV)
The sum of IRV, TV, ERV, and RV
Total lung capacity
With the vocal folds open oral pressure, subglottal pressure, and alveolar pressure are roughly equivalent. However, what happens to the intrapleural pressure
Intrapleural pressure is always negative increasing in negativity during inspiration.
In sitting position, gravity pulls the abdominal viscera down which (1) __________, while the rib cage is also pulled down to support (2) _______________
Support inspiration
Support exhalation
In the supine position, what happens?
The gravity pulls the abdominal viscera towards the spine, neither supporting expiration nor inspiration
A newborn will breathe an average of how many cycles per minute?
40-70 cycles per minute
Some resources say 30-60 cycles per minute
The adult has a considerable volume of air that is never expelled, but the infant does not have this reserve. True or False.
t
Phonation
What are voiceless phonemes?
Voiceless phonemes or speech sounds are produced without the use of vocal folds (e.g., /s/ or /f/ sounds.
What are voiced sounds?
Voiced sounds are produced by the action of the vocal folds (e.g., /z/ and /v/)
What is phonation?
Phonation or voicing is the product of vibrating vocal folds, and this occurs within the larynx. This is the source of voice for speech.
What is the relation of respiration and phonation?
Respiration is the energy source that permits phonation to occur–without respiration there would be no voicing.
This is the space between the vocal folds
Glottis or rima glottidis
What do you call the area below the vocal fold?
Subglottal region
This is a musculocartilaginous structure located at the superior (upper) end of the trachea. It is comprised of three unpaired and three paired cartilages by ligaments and lined with mucous membrane.
Larynx
Where is the larynx adjacent to for adults?
Cervical vertebrae 4 through 6 in adult but it is higher for infants
This cartilage is a complete ring resting atop of the trachea and is most inferior to the laryngeal cartilages. It takes the appearance of a signet ring from the inside.
Cricoid
How many pairs of laryngeal muscles that are directly responsible for either approximating or tensing the vocal folds.
Three pairs of laryngeal muscles
How many muscles are responsible for opening the larynx?
One
The larynx is composed of what?
Cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis, as well as the paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.
Unpaired: Cri si Epi kasi THYred
Paired: ACU
The thyroid and cricoid cartilages articulate by means of ___________ that lets the two cartilages to __________
Cricoid and thyroid cartilages articulate through a cricothyroid joint that lets them come closer together in front.
The _________ and cricoid cartilages also articulate with a joint that permits a wide range of arytenoid motion.
Arytenoid
Where are the corniculate cartilages located?
It rest on the upper surface of the arytenoids (Ang corni kasi ang aryte ng taas)
Where do the cuneiform cartilages reside?
Aryepiglottic folds (Si Cuni nakatira kay sa Mang Arye sa may folds)
This protects the airway during swallowing
Epiglottis
The muscles attached to the arytenoids provide what functions?
Adductory and abductory functions with which a person controls the degree of airflow by means of muscular contraction
The extrinsic ligaments provide attachment between the what?
The hyoid and trachea and the cartilage of the larynx
This is medial to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage–it is also known as leaflike cartilage that drops to cover the orifice of the larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
This forms the union between the tongue and the laryngeal structure. This is the only bone of the body that is not attached to another bone.
Hyoid bone
What are arytenoid cartilages? It is the _________ point of attachment of the folds.
This is the pyramidal-shaped cartilages articulating on the surface of the cricoid cartilage, forming the pivot structure for adduction and abduction of the vocal folds as well as the posterior point of attachment of the folds.
What are corniculate cartilages?
Small pyramid-shaped cartilages articulating on the apex of the arytenoid cartilages.
This is the space between the fold of the aryepiglottic membrane and the thyroid cartilage laterally
Pyriform sinus
This courses from the side of the epiglottis to the arytenoid apex
Aryepiglottic folds
These ligaments connect the larynx and the hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane, lateral thyrohyoid bone ligament, median thyrohyoid ligament
This attached the trachea to the larynx
Cricotracheal ligament
The fibroelastic membrane of the larynx is composed of what?
Upper quadrangular membranes and aryepiglottic folds, lower conus elasticus, and vocal ligament
How many layers does the vocal folds have? List all of them from the most superficial
- Squamous epithelium - thin, protective layer; provides a smooth surface for vocal fold vibration and is kept moist by a thin mucus layer.
- Superficial lamina propria - it gives cushion to the vocal folds; a soft, gel-like layer made of loosely organized connective tissue (mostly elastin fibers). Allows for flexibility and the wave-like motion of the vocal folds during vibration.
- Intermediate lamina propria - composed of elastin fibers running in an anterior–posterior direction, making them cross layered with the SLP; Contains more densely packed elastin fibers, providing both elasticity and some structure.
- Deep layer - composed primarily of collagen fibers, which provide strength and support. Works with the intermediate layer to give the vocal folds stability while maintaining some flexibility.
- Vocalis Muscle (Thyroarytenoid muscle) - The deepest layer, consisting of the vocalis muscle, part of the thyroarytenoid muscle. Responsible for controlling the tension and length of the vocal folds, contributing to pitch control.
Layer of the vocal fold: the combination of these two layers provides both elasticity and strength
The intermediate layer provides elasticity due to its elastin fibers, and the deep layer provides strength due to its collagen fibers. Together, they balance flexibility and support for proper vocal fold function.
These make up the vocal ligament
Deep lamina propria and intermediate lamina propria
This makes up the bulk of the vocal folds
Thyroarytenoid muscle (thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis)
The thyroarytenoid is the active element of the vocal folds while the passive element consists of the layers of lamina propria that provide strength, cushioning, and elasticity. True or False
True
This may be referred to as Adam’s apples.
Thyroid notch
These are the functionally mobile points of the larynx
Cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints
The rotation of the cricothyroid joint permits the thyroid to what?
Glide forward and backward slightly, relative to the cricoid.
This joint provide major adjustment for change in vocal pitch
Cricothyroid joint
This rocking action brings the two vocal processes toward each other, permitting the vocal folds to approximate
Cricoarytenoid joint
Laryngeal Musculature
These muscles or the larynx have both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
These muscles of the larynx have one attachment on a laryngeal cartilage and the other attachment on a non laryngeal structure
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
These muscles make major adjustments to the larynx such as elevating or depressing it
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
These muscles of the larynx make fine adjustments to the vocal mechanism itself
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
These muscles assume responsibility for opening, closing, tensing, and relaxing the vocal folds
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
These muscles tend to work alongside with the articulatory motions of the tongue, and many are important in swallowing, and some are variably active during respiration
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Name all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
- Adductors: LTO (lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid).
- Abductor: posterior cricoarytenoid
- Tensor: Thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid), cricothyroid
- Relax: thyromuscularis
- Auxiliary musculature: thyroepiglotticus, superior thyroarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, aryepilotticus
Label the origin, innervation, and function of the lateral cricoarytenoid:
Origin: Superior lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage (like the name itself, sa gilid siya ng cricoid cartilage)
Innervation: X Vagus Nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)
Function: Adducts vocal folds; increases medial compression
Innervation of all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx is by means of
Vagus Nerve
Label the origin, innervation, and function of the transverse cricoarytenoid
Origin: Lateral margin of posterior arytenoids
Innervation: Vagus Nerve, RLN
Function: Adducts the vocal folds
Label the origin, innervation, and function of the oblique arytenoids
Origin: Lateral margin of Posterior arytenoids
Innervation: Vagus Nerve, RLN
Function Adducts vocal folds
Function: Pulls the apex medially
What is the abductor of the vocal folds?
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Label the origin, innervation, and function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Origin: Posterior cricoid lamina
Innervation: Vagus Nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve
Function: Rocks arytenoid cartilages laterally; abducts the vocal folds
The cricothyroid muscle is composed of two heads, what are they?
Pars recta and pars oblique
Label the origin, innervation, and function of the cricothyroid
Origin: pars recta, pars oblique
Innervated: Vagus Nerve, external branch of SLN
Function: Depresses thyroid relative to cricoid; tense vocal folds
Medial muscle of the vocal folds
Thyrovocalis muscle
These muscles relax the vocal folds
Thyromusclaris muscle
Label the extrinsic muscles
Laryngeal elevators: digastricus, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus,, and thyropharyngeus muscles
Laryngeal depressors: thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, omohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles
These are the muscles that are attached below the hyoid bone which move the larynx
Infrahyoid muscles
These are the muscles attached above the hyoid bone
Suprahyoid muscles
Refer to the pattern of phonation used in daily conversation.
Modal register
These muscles consist of muscles with one attachment to a laryngeal cartilage.
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
These are muscles that elevate the hyoid and larynx
Laryngeal elevators
Name all the laryngeal elevators
Digastricus, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, thyrohyoid, and thyropharyngeus muscles (DSM, GGH, TT)
These muscles depress the larynx
Laryngeal depressors: Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid muscles
Name the origin, innervation, and function of the digastricus anterior and posterior
Origin:
- Anterior: inner surface of the mandible
- Posterior: mastoid process of temporal bone
Innervation:
Anterior: V trigeminal nerve, mandibular branch via the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar nerve
Posterior: VII facial nerve, digastric branch
Function:
Anterior: draws hyoid up and forward
Posterior: draws hyoid up and back
Together: elevate hyoid
What is the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Stylohyoid muscle
Origin: Styloid process of temporal bone
Innervation: Motor branch of the VII facial nerve
Function: Move hyoid posteriorly
What is the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Mylohyoid
Origin: Mylohyoid line, inner surface of mandible
Innervation: V trigeminal nerve, mandibular branch, alveolar nerve
Function: elevates hyoid or depresses mandible
What is the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Geniohyoid
Origin: Mental spines, inner surface of mandible
Innervation: XII hypoglossal nerve and C1 spinal nerve
Function: Elevates hyoid bone; depresses mandible
This muscle is appropriately considered a muscle of the tongue; it definitely is a hyoid elevator as well. This is innervated by the motor branch of the cranial nerve XII.
Genioglossus muscle
What is the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Hyoglossus
Origin: Hyoid bone, greater cornu, and corpus
Innervation: XII hypoglossal
Function: elevates hyoid and depresses tongue
What is the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Genioglossus
Origin: Mental spines, inner surface of mandible
Course: Up, back, and down
Innervation: Motor branch of XII hypoglossal
Elevates hyoid
What is the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Thyropharyngeus of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Origin: Thyroid lamina and inferior cornu
Innervation: X vagus, pharyngeal branch and IX glossopharyngeal nerve, pharyngeal branch
Function: Constricts pharynx and elevates larynx
at is the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Thyrohyoid
Origin: Oblique line, thyroid cartilage
Innervation: XII hypoglossal nerve and fibers from spinal C1
Function: elevates larynx
This is the forceful evacuation of the respiratory passageway, including deep inhalation through widely abducted vocal folds, tensing and tight adduction of the vocal folds, and elevation of the larynx, followed by forceful expiration
Coughing
If you can get the client to cough voluntarily, you can very likely get the client to what?
Phonate
This is the perceptual correlate of frequency of vibration
Pitch
Number of cycles of vibration per second
Frequency
As mass increases, what happens to the frequency of vibration?
Decreases
Explain the Bernoulli effect
As we exhale, the diaphragm relaxes, rising and reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity, which increases the pressure in the lungs. This pressure forces air up toward the larynx, where the vocal folds are located.
Initially, the air pressure below the vocal folds (subglottic pressure) increases. When this pressure becomes high enough, it forces the vocal folds apart, creating a narrow opening through which air can pass. As the vocal folds open, the subglottic pressure temporarily decreases, and the velocity of the air passing through the narrow opening increases. (When air goes through a narrower opening, it moves faster because it has to squeeze through, and this faster-moving air has lower pressure.) This high-velocity airflow creates a drop in pressure between the vocal folds, known as the Bernoulli effect, which pulls the vocal folds back together. This cycle of the vocal folds being pushed apart by higher pressure below and then pulled back together by lower pressure (plus their natural elasticity) happens very quickly—many times per second.
The process repeats rapidly, causing the vocal folds to open and close in a cycle that produces vibration. This vibration is what generates sound. The pressure difference between the lower and upper parts of the vocal folds, along with the Bernoulli effect and the elastic recoil of the vocal folds, maintains the ongoing cycle of vibration and closure.
This is a phonation that continues for long durations as a result of tonic contraction of vocal fold adductors
Sustained phonation
This is the movement of vocal folds into the airstream sufficiently to initiate phonation
Vocal attack
The vocal attack in which expiration and vocal fold adduction occur simultaneously
Simultaneous vocal attack
Define breathy vocal attack
Vocal attack in which expiration occurs before the onset of vocal fold adducts
Define glottal attack
The vocal attack in which expiration occurs after adduction of the vocal folds
What is medial compression?
Medial compression refers to the degree of force that may be applied by the vocal folds at their point of contact.
This is the pressure measured beneath the level of the vocal folds
Subglottal pressure
The vocal folds have one primary frequency of vibration, what do you call thi?
Vocal fundamental frequency
This is also known as pulse register and Strohbass. Requires low subglottal pressure to sustain (on the order of 2 cm H2O). Reduced tension of the vocalis so the vibrating margin is flaccid and thick. Strong medial compression
Glottal fry
This is the highest register of phonation. Vocal folds lengthen and become extremely thin and “reedlike”
Falsetto
What is pitch?
Pitch is the perceptual correlation of frequency and is closely related to it: As frequency increases, pitch increases, and as frequency decreases, so does pitch.
What is frequency?
Number of circles of vibration per second (Hz)
Factors: tension and mass per unit length
Function of the mass and elasticity of the vocal folds; approximately one-fourth octave above the lowest frequency of vibration of an individual
Optimal pitch
What is habitual pitch?
Frequency of vibration habitually used by an individual
What is pitch range?
Range of fundamental frequency for an individual
Spans approximately two octaves
What is loudness?
Psychological correlate of intensity
Relative power or pressure of an acoustic signal, measured in decibels (dB)
What are the factors of intensity?
Subglottal pressure and medial compression
Which of the following is the primary function of the superficial layer of the lamina propria in the vocal folds?
A) To provide structural support and prevent vocal fold collapse
B) To act as a cushion and allow for wave-like movement during vibration
C) To maintain the shape of the vocal folds during breathing
D) To increase the tension of the vocal folds during phonation
B.
Which of the following layers is primarily responsible for tensing the vocal folds to modulate pitch?
A) Epithelium
B) Superficial layer of the lamina propria
C) Intermediate layer of the lamina propria
D) Vocalis muscle (Thyroarytenoid muscle)
Answer: D) Vocalis muscle (Thyroarytenoid muscle)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the deep layer of the lamina propria?
A) Contains collagen fibers
B) Provides structural support and strength
C) Is highly elastic and flexible
D) Works with the intermediate layer to stabilize the vocal folds
Answer: C) Is highly elastic and flexible
(The deep layer has more structural support and less elasticity compared to the intermediate layer.)
The intermediate layer of the lamina propria primarily contributes to which of the following aspects of vocal fold function?
A) Protection from friction and damage during vibration
B) Elasticity and recoil needed for vibration
C) Tension and length control during phonation
D) Structural rigidity and prevention of collapse
Answer: B) Elasticity and recoil needed for vibration
Which of the following correctly describes the role of the epithelium in the vocal folds?
A) It provides the primary source of tension during high-pitched vocalizations.
B) It allows the vocal folds to remain flexible and soft, ensuring proper vibration.
C) It acts as the protective outer covering and is responsible for hydration and reducing friction.
D) It controls the length and thickness of the vocal folds during speech.
Answer: C) It acts as the protective outer covering and is responsible for hydration and reducing friction.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the structure and function of the vocal folds?
A) The epithelium provides a smooth surface to reduce friction during vibration.
B) The superficial layer of the lamina propria is sometimes referred to as Reinke’s space.
C) The intermediate layer of the lamina propria is composed of mostly collagen fibers.
D) The vocalis muscle adjusts tension and length of the vocal folds for phonation.
Answer: C) The intermediate layer of the lamina propria is composed of mostly collagen fibers.
(The intermediate layer is primarily composed of elastin fibers, while the deep layer contains collagen.)
