S&R: CLAP Flashcards
What is articulation?
The act of producing the speech sound itself
What is phonology?
Concerned with the linguistic difference between the difference of sounds
What are the two main subtypes of articulation and phonological disorder?
- Organically based disorder – speech sound errors have have an obvious etiology → cleft, hearing impairment, macroglossia, motor speech, etc.,
- No obvious cause– functional articulation disorder, developmental disorder, speech sound disorder, speech delay
What is articulation disorder? What is intact? How will you know if it is an artic disorder?
- Issues with the production level only
- Phonological discrimination is intact.
- SODA errors (substitution, omission, distortion, addition)
- Aberrant speech sound form
- Errors are consistent → word position (even if it’s initial, medial, final position–there will still be an error)
- Regardless of the word position, the error will be there consistently, but the sound may be inconsistent especially if the sound is emerging.
What are the signals of articulation disorder?
Preservation of phonemic contrasts in errors (e.g., palatalized [s] for [θ]).
What is phonological disorder? Production is…? Issues with…?
- Production capability could be intact → The child will be able to produce the sound in isolation, however, if using it in a phrase, the sound disappears.
-
Issue with phonological awareness –differentiating the sound with different sounds
Discerning speech sounds for the purposes of meaning differentiation
What are the signals for a phonological disorder?
- Widespread error patterns
- Errors could be inconsistent
- Severe limitations in produced sounds → phonemic inventory of the child is limited due to widespread error patterns
- Syllable structure limitations
Note: There is common co-occurrence with morphosyntactic issues - Intact audition and speech (there is no motor issue, planning issue, or audio issues)
- Unusual errors not seen in typical development
- Co occurrence of error patterns
- Presence of idiosyncratic phonological processes
- Phonological processes past of age of dissolution
- Last hallmark for phonological disorders: vowel errors
Hallmarks
- inconsistent error
- idiosyncratic phonology processes
- Vowel errors
- limited phonemic inventory
- no motor & planning issue
What are idiosyncratic processes?
Not seen in typically developing children , this is unique for children with phonological disorders–Idiosyncratic processes are atypical or unusual speech sound patterns that are not commonly seen in typical speech development
Phonological delay
Phonological processes that continue past the age of dissolution
Consistent atypical phonological disorder
1 or more idiosyncratic processes consistently
Inconsistent atypical phonological disorder
- 1 or more idiosyncratic processes inconsistently
- Variation in output similar to CAS
What are velopharyngeal closures?
Movement of the soft palate and the pharyngeal walls, the soft palate will fully approximate with the pharyngeal wall
Variations of approximation of soft palate and pharyngeal walls to separate the oral and nasal cavity
VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE – CORONAL
- Most common
- Posterior movement of the soft palate
- Closing against the posterior pharyngeal wall
Soft palate ang umaatras sa pharyngeal wall
VELOPHARYNGEAL – CIRCULAR
- Lateral pharyngeal wall and posterior pharyngeal wall and soft palate forms a “circular pattern”
- Sphincter like
- 23%; 5% circular with Passavant’s ridge
VELOPHARYNGEAL – SAGITTAL
- Lateral posterior wall meets in the midline
- Least common – 4%
- What is a cleft?
- Where does it occur?
- Which structure often has cleft?
- Are there missing structures?
- An abnormal opening or a fissure in a structure that is usually closed–occurs in the embryological fusion lines
- Usually occurs in the lips or either palates
- Usually, structures are all present but not fused together normally
- Congenital
Cleft lip and palate
- The fusion starts where?
- how does the cleft occur?
- what is a complete cleft?
- What is the pathway of a cleft lip?
- Fusion starts at the incisive foramen
- Any disruption will cause a cleft from that point to the periphery
Complete cleft: from the periphery all the way to the foramen
Cleft lip: Incisive foramen → alveolar ridge → nasal floor → Lips
What are the two main causes of cleft?
- Endogenous → chromosomal, genetic, increased parental age
- Exogenous → teratogens, mechanical factors of utero
What is the dividing point to identify the primary and secondary palate?
Incisive foramen
Clefts can be of the ___________, ____________, _____________.
Clefts can be of the primary palate, secondary palate, or both
What is the primary palate?
What are these structures?
When should it fuse?
- Structures anterior to the incisive foramen
- Fuses at around 7 weeks of gestation
- Alveolus + lip (&nose)
What is the secondary palate?
What are these structures?
When do they usually fuse?
- Structures posterior to the incisive foramen
- Fuses around 9 weeks of gestation
- Hard palate (except the alveolus) + velum
Unilateral cleft palate?
Where is it more common?
What is the appearance of the lips?
- On either side
- Most common on the left side
- The lips is short in the affected side
What is the occurrence of Primary palate clefts?
May occur in isolation but is more often found to be associated with cleft on the palate
Complete primary palate clefts
Extends through the lip, nostril and alveolus to the incisive foramen
