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Catalyst > Normal Human Development > Flashcards

Normal Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is growth?

A

Quantitative changes in size, dimension, or structure–quantitative (it can be measured) (e.g., height, weight, head circumference)

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2
Q

How do we measure head circumference?

A

Tape measurement (globella or most prortuded part of forehead, and then it should cross across the occipital protuberance and then goes back to the golbella)

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3
Q

Hanggang kelan ba lumalaki ang head circumference?

A

20-21 years old

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4
Q

What is development?

A

Quantitative and qualitative changes that occure throughout life. These are refinement of skills.

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5
Q

What is adaptation?

A

These are changes in response to the environment or situation demands

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6
Q

Why do we need to adapt?

A

For survival (e.g., skin color, antibody formation)

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7
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Assimilation is application of past information to new information (e.g., using concepts learned from undergrad → boards review)

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8
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Accommodation is alteration of past information in light of new information (e.g., eat a watermelon seed)

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9
Q

What is fetal age?

A

Age of fetus

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10
Q

There are two ways to get the fetal age, what are they?

A

Gestational age
Conceptional age

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11
Q

What is gestational age?

A

Also known as age of gestation (AOG), measured from the first after the last menstruation.
This is the most common indicator of fetal age

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12
Q

This is the most common indicator of fetal age. What is this called?

A

Gestational age

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13
Q

What are the terms used in gestational age? Their week counts?

A

Normal term (38 - 42 weeks)
Pre-term < 38 weeks
Post-term > 42 weeks

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14
Q

What is conceptional age?

A

Age of conception/AOC
Measured from the last sexual intercourse
Considered as the most accurate

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15
Q

What is chronologic age?

A

Age counted from birth

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16
Q

What is the adjusted age?

A

Used to assess which milestones are expected of a preterm infant

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17
Q

How do we compute the adjusted age?

A

Chronological age in months - 40 weeks - AOG (age of gestation) / 4 weeks
Chronological age (weeks - (40 weeks - AOG)

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18
Q

You have a 9-month old px born at the 25th week of gestation

A

9 months - (40 weeks - 24 weeks/4 weeks)
9 months - (16 weeks/4 weeks)
9 months - 4 months
5 months

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19
Q

What is ovulation? It is triggered by?

A
  • It is the formation of one or more egg cell
  • Triggers by luteinizing hormone
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20
Q

What is ovum?

A

Product of a 28-day ovarian cycle (ovum is synonymous to egg cell)

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21
Q

What is fertilization?

A
  • Chromosomal union of the sperm cell and egg cell (the egg cell and sperm cell unite, haploid cells)
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22
Q

What is zygote? When is it called zygote?

A

Fertilized egg cell
We call it zygote from fertilization → implantation

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23
Q

What is morula?

A

It is spherical ball of cell undergoing rapid mitosis

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24
Q

What is blastocyst?

A

Advanced form of morula capable of implantation (implanted at the uterus)

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25
Q

What is an embryo?

A

From implantation → to 5-8 weeks (2 months)

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26
Q

What is a fetus?

A

5-8 weeks (2 months) → term

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27
Q

What is gastrula?

A

Formation of primary germinal layers (precursor of the primary germinal layers)

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28
Q

What is conceptus?

A

Developing placenta and embryo

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29
Q

What is the correct cycle of embryonic development?

A

Ovulation → ovum → fertilization → zygote → morula → blastocyst → embryo → fetus → gastrula → conceptus

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30
Q

What are the 3 primary germinal layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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31
Q

The process of forming the gastrula is called __________.

A

Gastrulation

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32
Q

What is ectoderm? It is a precursor to?

A

Outermost layer
Precursor to the integumentary system and nervous system

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33
Q

What is the mesoderm? It is a precursor to?

A

Middle layer
Precursor to:
- renal system,
- musculoskeletal system,
- cardiovascular system, and
- reproductive system

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34
Q

What is endoderm? Precursor to?

A

It is the innermost layer.
Precursor to: endocrine, digestive, and respiratory

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35
Q

What is Piaget’s Cognitive Development?

A
  • Child is actively responsible for development
  • Child is explorative and curious
  • Child learns from 5 senses
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36
Q

Give an example for Piaget’s Cognitive Development

A

A child learns that something is hot by touching it. So, the child will no longer touch it.

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37
Q

What are the four stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development?

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational

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38
Q

Immature reflexes, circular reaction (cause and effect reaction). What stage is this in Piaget’s and what is the expected age for this stage.

A

Sensorimotor Stage. Birth to 2 years old

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39
Q

Symbolic language, active play, egocentricity. What age is this expected and what stage is this in Piaget’s Cognitive Development?

A

2 years old. Preoperational Stage

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40
Q

This is when the child is able to do logical thinking, conservation, inductive reasoning (something specific but you are able to generalize it e.g., you have a brown cat with four legs named Brownie and then you see a dog that is brown and has 4 legs and you say that the dog looks like brownie.) What age is this expected and what stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development?

A

Concrete Operational Stage, 7 years old

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41
Q

This is when you are able to do abstract thinking, problem solving, deductive reasoning. What stage is this in Piaget’s Cognitive Development? What age is this expected?

A

Formal operational stage; 11 years old

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42
Q

He was the one who developed the psychosexual development, wherein the development of cognition is dependent on internal pleasure.

A

Sigmund Freud

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43
Q

This stage is when the child puts things in mouth. What age is this expected?

A

Oral stage: 0-18 months

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44
Q

What are the two categories under the oral stage?

A

Oral incorporative and oral aggressive

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45
Q

What is oral incorporative?

A

Subo ng subo, gullible, excessive eating/drinking, unusual optimism

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46
Q

What is oral aggressive?

A

Kulang sa subo, hostile, aggressive, unusual pessimism

47
Q

This is the stage wherein the child takes pleasure in pooping. What age is this expected?

A

Anal stage; 18-36 months

48
Q

What is anal aggressive?

A

Tae ng tae, disorganized, temper, gift giving,

49
Q

What is anal retentive?

A

Kulang sa tae, stubborn, hoarder, organized, madamot

50
Q

What is the third stage of the pyschosexual stage? What age is this expected and what is expected of the child under this stage?

A

Phallic stage. The age expected age is 3-6 years old. There is concept of genitals and masturbation (assessing the genitals)

51
Q

What is oedipus complex? What stage is this under?

A

Can only be seen from boys. Desire for mom. Wants to replace father. There is castration anxiety–mimics father. Phallic stage.

52
Q

What are the stages under Phallic stage?

A

Oedipus complex and elektra complex

53
Q

WHat is elektra complex

A

In girls. Desire: dad. There is penis envy: weak supergego, resolved if she conceived a male child

54
Q

What is the latency stage? What age is expected for this stage?

A

6 years - puberty
There is decreased desire for genitals. Child is busy refining other skills. Boys will play with boys and girls will play with girls.

55
Q

This is the stage where the concept of reproduction happens. What age is expected for this stage?

A

Genital stage; puberty +

56
Q

This is the first stage of psychosocial development

A

Trust vs Mistrust

57
Q

How is trust built in the first stage?

A

Everything is being provided

58
Q

What virtue will develop for Stage I

A

Hope

59
Q

This is the second stage of psychosocial development. What age is expected in this stage? What virtue is under this stage

A

Autonomy v Shame and Doubt; 2-3 years old.
Virtue: Will

60
Q

This is the third stage of psychosocial development. What virtue will be imprinted and what age is expected at this stage?

A

Initiative vs Guilt (4-6 years old)
Virtue: Purpose

61
Q

This is the fourth stage of psychosocial development. What virtue will be imprinted and what age is expected at this stage?

A

Industry vs Inferiority ; 7-12 years
Virtue: Competence

62
Q

This is the fifth stage of psychosocial development. What virtue will be imprinted and what age is expected at this stage?

A

Identity vs Role Confusion; 13 -19 years old
Virtue: Fidelity

63
Q

This is the sixth stage of psychosocial development. What virtue will be imprinted and what age is expected at this stage?

A

Intimacy vs Isolation; 20 - 34 years old
Virtue: Love

64
Q

This is the seventh stage of psychosocial development. What virtue will be imprinted and what age is expected at this stage?

A

Generativity vs Stagnation ; 35-65 years old
Virtue: Care

65
Q

This is the last stage of psychosocial development. What virtue will be imprinted and what age is expected at this stage?

A

Ego Integrity vs Despair
Virtue: Wisdom

66
Q

What is the apgar?

A
  • Done at birth and every 5 minutes
  • Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity (Tone), Respiration
67
Q

You will give 0 point in appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

A
  • AppearanceL Cyanotic/pale;
  • Pulse: 0;
  • Grimace: NR (no response);
  • Activity (tone): Floppy,
  • Respiration: Apneic
68
Q

You will give 1 point for appearance if

A

Px has peripheral cyanosis only

69
Q

You will give one point for pulse and grimace if

A

Pulse: <100; Grimace: Grimace or weak cry when stimulated

70
Q

You will give one point for activity (tone) of the baby if:

A

There is some flexion

71
Q

You will give one point for respiration if:

A

There is slow, irregular breathing

72
Q

You will give two points for appearance if:

A

Pink

73
Q

You will give 2pts for pulse if:

A

100-140

74
Q

You will give 2pts for Grimace if:

A

Cry when stimulated

75
Q

You will give 2 pts for activity (tone) if:

A

Well flexed and resisting extension

76
Q

You will give 2 pts for respiration if:

A

Strong cry

77
Q

APGAR will not determine the development of a child. True or False

A

True. APGAR will show if the child needs resuscitation

78
Q

If the child gets 5-7 points, what is needed for the child?

A

Blow-by O2

79
Q

If the child gets 3-4 points in APGAR, what is needed for the child?

A

Mask or bag ventilation

80
Q

130 - < IQ

A

Genius

81
Q

Memorize the IQ Scoring. State them one by on

A

130 - < Genius,
120-129 Superior.
110 - 119 Above Average
90-109 Average,
80-89 - Below Average,
70-79 Borderline,
50-69 Mild MR (Moron),
35 - 49 Moderate MR (Imbecile),
20-34 Severe MR (Idiot),
10 -19 Profound MR (Idiot)

82
Q

Flexor Withdrawal. What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Noxious stimulus at the sole of footing (sitting)
Response: Toes extension, DF of leg, flexion of entire extremity uncontrollably

83
Q

Crossed extension. What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: noxious stimulus at the ball of foot (supine)
Response: Opposite LE flexion, adduction, and extension

84
Q

Traction. What is the stimulus and response

A

S: Grasp forearm and pull to sit
R: Infant grasps PT’s forearm and total flexion of UE

85
Q

Moro reflex: What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Sudden change in head position in relation to trunk; OR drop infant backward
Response: Sudden shoulder extension, abduction, hand opening, and cry → flexion of UE and adduction across chest

86
Q

Plantar grasp. What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Maintained pressure on ball of foot
Response: Maintained toe flexion

87
Q

. Palmar grasp. What is the stimulus and response

A

timulus: Maintained pressure on palm of hand
Response: Maintained flexion of fingers

88
Q

Startle reflex. What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Sudden loud or harsh noise
Response: Sudden extension, abduction → crying

89
Q

This is the reflex that persists throughout life.

A

Startle reflex

90
Q

What are the primitive/spinal reflexes

A
  1. Flexor withdrawal,
    2, crossed extension,
  2. traction,
  3. moro reflex,
  4. plantar grasp,
  5. palmar grasp,
  6. startle reflex
91
Q

What are the tonic or brainstem reflexes?

A
  1. STNR (Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex),
  2. ATNR,
  3. Positive Reaction/Support,
  4. TLR,
  5. Associated reaction
92
Q

STNR. What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Head flexion or extension
Response: Flexion of neck → UE flexed, LE extended; Extension of neck → UE extended, LE flexed

Also known as the crawling reflex

93
Q

If the STNR is not integrated, what happens?

A

Difficulty performing quadruped position

94
Q

ATNR (Asymmetric Tonic Reflex). What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Head rotation to one side
Response: Fencer position
Skull side: flexed
Jaw side: extended

95
Q

What happens if the ATNR is not integrated?

A

Difficulty with rolling, hand-to-mouth, problem with feeding

96
Q

Positive reaction/support. What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Contact on ball of foot
Response: Rigid extension of (Both) LE

97
Q

Failure to integrate the Positive reaction will

A

Difficulty in walking and stair negotiation

98
Q

TLR (Tonic labyrinthine reflex). What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Prone or supine
Response:
Prone: Increased flexor tone
Supine: Increased extensor tone

99
Q

Associated reactions. What is the stimulus and response

A

Stimulus: Resisted movement of one side
Response: Opposite limb mimics the movement of the test limp

100
Q

Developmental Directions

A
  • Proximal before distal
  • Total before localized
  • Medial before lateral
  • Extensor antigravity before flexor A.G.
  • Reflex before cortical control
  • Cephalic before Caudal
  • Flexor weight bearing before extensor wb
  • Cervical before rostral
  • Gross motor before fine motor
  • Flexion before extension
101
Q

Most common childhood disability

A

Cerebral palsy

102
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

A disorder as a result of non-progressive lesion or injury of premature brain

103
Q

This is the most common risk factor of cerebral palsy

A

Prematurity

104
Q

Monoplegia

A

One limb

105
Q

Hemiplegia

A

One side

106
Q

Triplegia

A

3 limbs

107
Q

Diplega

A

All 4s
LE more affected

108
Q

Quadriplegia

A

All 4s
UE more affected

109
Q

Tetraplegia

A

UE and LE are equally affected
All 4s

110
Q

Paraplegia

A

Normal UE, abnormal LE

111
Q

This is the most common type due to prematurity

A

Spastic diplegia

112
Q

This is the worst type of CP

A

Spastic quadriplegia

113
Q

Best prognosis. One side

A

Spastic hemiplegia

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