Resonance And Articulation Flashcards
What is articulation?
Articulation is the process of joining two elements; it is the process of bringing two or more moveable speech structure together to form the sounds of speech
What is the articulatory system?
The articulatory system is the system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech.
What is the resonatory system?
Portion of the vocal tract through which the acoustical product of vocal fold vibration resonates (usually the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities combined)
This theory states that speech is the product of sending an acoustic source, such as the sound produced by the vibrating folds, through the filter of the vocal tract that shapes the output.
Source-filter theory
Frequency of sound to which the cavity most effectively responds
Resonant frequency
This is largely governed by the volume and length of the cavity
Resonant frequency
This is the largest mobile articulator
Tongue
What are the mobile articulators?
Tongue, mandible, velum, lips, cheeks, pharynx, and larynx
What are the immobile articulators?
Alveolar ridge of maxilla, hard palate, and teeth
What are the two types of articulators?
Immobile and mobile
What are the bones of the face?
Mandible, maxilla, nasal bone, palatine bones, nasal conchae, vomer, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, hyoid bone
It is a massive unpaired bone making up the lower jaw of the face. It begins as a paired bone but fuses at the midline by the child’s first birthday.
Mandible
Where is the point of fusion of the two halves of the mandible?
Symphysis menti or mental symphysis
This is the hole through which the mental nerve of trigeminal nerve V passes in life
Mental foramen
This provides the lower dental arch, alveolar region, and resting location of the tongue
Mandible
This provides the hard palate, point of attachment for the soft palate, alveolar ridge, upper dental arch, and dominant structures of the nasal cavities
Maxillae
The zygomatic bone articulates with the _________ and ________ to form the _________?
The zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone and maxillae to form the cheekbone.
These small bones provide the upper margin of the nasal cavity
Nasal bones
The midline vomer articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ___________ and the cartilaginous septum to form _________
The midline vomer articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and cartilaginous septum to form the nasal septum
This serves as the core of the skull and face, with the prominent crista galli protruding into the cranium and the perpendicular plate dividing the nasal cavities
Ethmoid bone
This is the point of fusion of palatine process and premaxilla
Premaxillary suture
The are small bones that make up the superior nasal surface
Nasal bones
This makes up the posterior 1/4 part of the hard palate
Palatine bone
Warms and humidifies the air. These are small, scroll-like bones located on the lateral surface of the nasal cavity.
Nasal conchae
This bone has lateral and medial projections called pterygoids which are points of attachment of some mandibular muscles
Sphenoid bone
This is a midline bone that is shaped like a knife or a blade, an unpaired bone which separates the left and right nasal cavity
Vomer
The nasal septum is made up of two elements, what are these?
Vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
The middle and superior nasal conchae, processes of the _____________ are superiorly placed correlates of the inferior conchae
Ethmoid bone
The mucosal here is the thickest of the nose and is highly vascularized
Nasal conchae
This bone makes up the prominent structures we identify as cheekbones.
Zygomatic bone
What are the cranium bones?
PT FOES (temporal, parietal) (frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid)
This is a complex and delicate structure and serves as the core of the skull and face.
Ethmoid bone
This articulates with the maxilla, frontal bone, and temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Small bones that articulate with the maxillae, frontal bone, nasal bone, and inferior conchae
Lacrimal bone
Constitute a small portion of the lateral nasal wall and form a small portion of the medial orbit as well
Lacrimal bone
This houses the pituitary gland
Hypophyseal fossa
The squamous portion of the temporal bone includes the roof of the _____________
External auditory meatus
This type of teeth is mainly used for cutting
Incisors
This type of teeth is mainly used for tearing
Cuspid
Distal to the cuspids are the first and second bicuspids or ________. These teeth have two cusps on the occlusal surface that are absent in the deciduous dental arch.
Premolars
These are large teeth with large occlusal surfaces designed to grind material, and their placement in the posterior arch capitalizes on the significant force available in the muscles of mastication–referring to the posterior six teeth in either upper or lower dental arch
Molars
Normal projection of upper incisors beyond lower incisors in transverse plane
Overjet
Normal overlap of upper incisors relative to lower incisors
Overbite
Relationship between upper and lower teeth in which the first molar of the mandibular arch is ½ tooth advance d of the maxillary molar
Class I occlusion
Occlusal relationship in which there is normal orientation of the molars, but an abnormal orientation of the incisors
Class I Malocclusion
Relationship of upper and lower arches in which the first mandibular molars are retracted at least one tooth from the first maxillary molars
Class II Malocclusion
Relationship of upper and lower arches in which the first mandibular molar is advanced more than one tooth beyond the first maxillary molar
Class III Malocclusion
The shape and size of the oral cavity are altered through movements _____________
Of the tongue and mandible
The nasal cavity may be coupled with the oral/ pharyngeal cavities by means of the _______
Velum
What are the muscles of the face?
Orbicularis oris muscles, risorius muscles, buccinator muscle, levator labii superioris muscles, zygomatic minor muscles, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles, levator anguli oris muscle, zygomatic major muscle, depressor labii inferioris muscle, depressor anguli oris muscle, mentalis muscle, platysma muscle (12)
This muscle has been characterized as both a single muscle encircling the mouth opening and paire upper and lower muscles.
Orbicularis oris
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: orbicularis oris inferior and superior
Origin: corner of lips
Innervation: VII facial nerve
Constrict oral opening
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Risorius Muscle
Origin: posterior region of the face along the fascia of the masseter
Innervation: Buccal branch of the facial nerve VII
Function: Retracts lips at the corners of the superior pharyngeal constrictor
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: buccinator
Origin: Pterygomandibular ligament
Innervation: Buccal branch of the VII facial nerve
Function: Moves food onto the grinding surfaces of the molars; constricts oropharynx
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Levator labii superioris
Origin: Infraorbital margin of maxilla
Innervation: Buccal branch of the VII facial nerve
Elevates the upper lip
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Origin: frontal process of maxilla
Innervation: buccal branches of the VII facial nerve
Function: Elevates the upper lip and dilates nostrils
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Levator anguli oris
Origin: Canine fossa of maxilla
Innervation: Superior buccal branches of VII facial nerve
Function: Draws corner of mouth up and medially
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Zygomatic major
Origin: Lateral to the zygomatic minor or zygomatic bone
Innervation: Buccal branches of the VII facial nerve
Function: Elevates and retracts the angle of mouth
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Zygomatic minor
Origin: Facial surface of the zygomatic bone
Innervation: Buccal branches of the VII facial nerve
Function: Elevates the upper lip
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Depressor labii inferioris
Origin: Mandible at the oblique line
Innervation: Mandibular marginal branch of the VII facial nerve
Function: Dilates the orifice by pulling the lips down and out
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis)
Origin: Lateral margins of the mandible on the oblique line
Innervation: Mandibular branch of the VII facial nerve
Function: Depresses corner of mouth and helps compress the upper lip against the lower lip
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Mentalis
Origin: Region of the incisive fossa of mandible
Innervation: Mandibular marginal branch of VII facial nerve
Function: Elevates and wrinkles the chin and pulls the lower lip out
Label the origin, innervation, and function of this muscle: Platysma
Origin: Fascia overlaying pectoralis major and deltoid
Innervation: Cervical branch of the VII facial nerve
Function: Depresses the mandible
These muscles assist in the retraction of the lips as well as support entrapment of air within the oral cavity
Risorius and buccinator muscles
This muscle elevates and retracts the angle of mouth
Zygomatic major
The contraction of these muscles elevates the upper lip
Levator labii superioris, zygomatic minor muscle, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Contraction of this muscles depresses the lower lip
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
The contraction if this muscle elevates and retracts the angle of the mouth
Zygomatic major muscle
The contraction of this muscle pulls the lips down and out
Depressor labii inferioris
This muscles depresses the corner of the mouth
Depressor anguli oris muscle
This muscle elevates and wrinkles the chin and pulls the lower lip out
Mentalis muscle
This facial muscle depresses the mandible
Platysma
This muscle is innervated by the superior buccal branches of the CN VII. It draws corner of mouth up and medially
Levator anguli oris
This muscle is innervated by the mandibular marginal branch of the CN VII. It dilates the orifice by pulling the lips down and out. This action helps create expressions such as frowning, grimacing, and pouting.
Depressor labii inferioris
This is innervated by the mandibular marginal branch of the CN VII. It elevates and wrinkles the chin and pulls the lower lip out.
Mentalis
This is innervated by the mandibular branch of the CN VII. It depresses the corner of mouth and helps compress the upper lip against the lower lip
Depressor anguli oris
This is innervated by the cervical branch of the CN VII. It also depresses the mandible
Platysma
This is formed from the junction between the two palatine processes of the maxillae
Intermaxillary suture
This structure outlines the palatine process of the premaxilla and the palatine process of maxilla
Premaxillary suture
This opening is in the anterior aspect of the hard palate, and serves as a conduit for the nasopalatine nerve serving the nasal mucosa
Incisive foramen
These muscles tend to provide the fine, graded control of the articulatory gesture
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
These muscles tend to move the tongue into the general region desired
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
The tongue is divided longitudinally by the ______________ a dividing wall between right and left halves that serves as the point of origin for the transverse muscle of the tongue
Median fibrous septum
This courses along the length of the tongue, comprising the upper layer of the tongue. This muscle elevates, assists in retraction, or deviates the tip of the tongue
Superior longitudinal
This elevates, assists in retraction, or deviates the tongue tip
Superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
Pulls the tip of the tongue downard, assists in retraction and deviates tongue
Inferior longitudinal muscle
Provide a mechanism for narrowing the tongue
Transverse muscle of the tongue
Pulls the tongue down into the floor of the mouth
Vertical muscle of the tongue
What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
SITV (Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical)
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus, chondroglossus
Innervation of the palatoglossus muscle
Pharyngeal plexus from CN XI Accessory and X Vagus Nerve
Elevates the tongue and depresses the soft palate
Palatoglossus
Draws the tongue back and up–retracts the tongue
Styloglossus
Anterior fibers of this muscle retract the tongue while the posterior fibers of this tongue protrude the tongue; together they depress the tongue
Genioglossus
Pulls the sides of the tongue down
Hyoglossus
Depresses the tongue
Chondroglossus
What are the muscles of mastication?
Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, digastricus, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, platysma
This is the most superficial of the muscles of mastication. It’s function include elevating the mandible
Masseter
This muscle is deep to the masseter, arising from a region of the temporal and parietal bones known as the temporal fossa. This muscle elevates the mandible and draws it back if protruded. It is innervated by the temporal branches arising from the mandibular nerve of CN V Trigeminal Nerve.
Temporalis
These muscles depress the mandible
Platysma, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Digastric
This mandibular muscle protrudes the mandible
Lateral pterygoid
This mandibular muscle elevates the mandible and is innervated by the mandibular division of the CN V Trigeminal nerve.
Medial pterygoid
Innervation and function of the tensor veli palitini
Innervation: Mandibular nerve of CN V Trigeminal Nerve
Function: Dilates the Eustachian tube
This muscle of the velum shortens the soft palate
Musculus uvulae
This muscle is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus from CN XI Accessory nerve and Pharyngeal branch of CN X Vagus Nerve. It’s function is to narrow the pharynx, as well as lowering the soft palate
Palatopharyngeus
This elevates and retracts the posterior velum
Levator veli palatini
Innervation of Levator Veli Palatini, Musculus uvulae, and palatoglossus muscle
Pharyngeal plexus from CN XI Accessory and X Vagus Nerve
Composed of the feedforward control subsystem, representing speech production, and feedback control system, representing the learning process
DIVA Model
______________ is the overlapping effect of one articulatory movement on another
Coarticulation
______________ theories generally see articulation as a process of achieving a goal through interaction of coordinative structures. Coordinative structures are muscle groups which, when activated, contribute to achievement of the goal at the terminal effector.
Task dynamic
This theory holds that there is a “master control” mechanism that dictates the muscle movements based upon the linguistic goal
Central control
Motor control in the body develops from _____ to ______ and from _______ to _______
Head to tail and from proximal to distal
True or False. The lower lip is faster than the upper lip
t
What are the pharyngeal muscles?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor, middle pharyngeal constrictor, inferior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeal muscle, thyropharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus muscle
Pulls pharyngeal wall forward; constricts pharyngeal diameter
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Narrows the diameter of the pharynx
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Constricts superior orifice of esophagus
Cricopharyngeus
Reduces diameter of the lower pharynx
Thyropharyngeus
Elevates and opens the larynx and is innervated by the muscular branch of CN IX
Stylopharyngeus
Elevates the lateral pharyngeal wall
Salpingopharyngeous
Anterior displacement of a distinct portion of the posterior pharyngeal wall during speech is known as
Passavant’s ridge
Rationale: Passavant’s ridge is indeed the anterior displacement of a distinct portion of the posterior pharyngeal wall during speech, as well as during swallowing. This ridge forms when the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle contracts, causing a bulging of the posterior pharyngeal wall.
During speech, particularly for non-nasal sounds (like /p/, /t/, /k/), the soft palate (velum) moves upward and backward to meet Passavant’s ridge, helping to create a seal between the nasal and oral cavities. This is critical for preventing air from escaping through the nose and ensuring normal resonance. If this closure is incomplete, it can result in hypernasal speech.
This muscle of the tongue elevates tongue tip
Superior longitudinal intrinsic muscle of the tongue
Depresses the tongue tip
Inferior longitudinal muscle
Protrudes the tongue
Genioglossus, posterior portion
Retracts the tongue
Genioglossus, anterior portion; styloglossus
Elevates posterior tongue
Palatoglossus
Narrows tongue
Transverse muscle of the tongue
Flattens the tongue, pulls it down into the floor of the mouth
Vertical intrinsic muscle and genioglossus
Depresses velum
Palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
Constricts esophageal opening
Cricopharyngeus
Constricts upper pharynx
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Elevates velum
Levator veli palatini
