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Ecology & Evolution of Societies > Spectrum of sociality - arthropods > Flashcards

Spectrum of sociality - arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

An exceptional diversity of social structures are seen across organisms. Common themes do exist, especially with respect to patterns of ________________________________.

A

offspring production and rearing

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2
Q

what are major categories of arthropod sociality based on?

A
  1. level of offspring care
  2. level of reproductive division of labor
  3. presence of overlapping generations
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3
Q

defining major categories - level of offspring care

A

do society members care for offspring that are not their own?

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4
Q

defining major categories - level of reproductive division of labor

A

do some society members specialize in offspring production to a greater extent than others?

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5
Q

defining major categories - presence of overlapping generations

A

do older individuals stay with or persist in the society to cooperate with subsequent generations of offspring?

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6
Q

The major categories of sociality in arthropods from least to most complex

A
  1. solitary
  2. subsocial
  3. communal
  4. quasisocial
  5. semisocial
  6. eusocial
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7
Q

define solitary

A

Showing no offspring care, reproductive division of labor, or overlap of generations

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8
Q

define subsocial

A

Adults care for their own offspring for some period of time — simple parental care

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9
Q

define communal

A

members of the same generation share a composite or group shelter, but without cooperating in offspring care.

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10
Q

define quasisocial

A

members of the same generation share a composite or group shelter and cooperate in offspring care

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11
Q

define semisocial

A

members of the same generation share a group shelter, cooperate in offspring care, and show reproductive division of labor.

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12
Q

define eusocial

A

shared group shelter, cooperative offspring care, division of labor, and overlap of generations

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13
Q

The ______________ of insects provide __________________________ to their offspring

A
  • majority
  • no parental care
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14
Q

____________ species provide _____________________ to their offspring past the egg laying stage

A
  • Subsocial
  • some level of care
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15
Q

how can subsocial species parental care vary?

A
  1. type
  2. duration
  3. parental involvement
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16
Q

what is an example of a subsocial species

A

a burying beetle

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17
Q

burying beetle - Mating pair forms over ________________, which is the resource for raising offspring

A

discovery of carrion

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18
Q

burying beetle - The cooperating female-male pair __________________________________.

A

bury carrion, mate, female lays eggs

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19
Q

burying beetle - ______________ to protect and tend to their larvae.

A

Both parents stay

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20
Q

burying beetle - At maturity, _______________________________ from the burrow

A

larvae pupate and parents disperse

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21
Q

communal arthropods typically form ________________________________

A

large aggregate shelters or nests

22
Q

communal arthropods - benefits to shelters

A
  • Greater deterrent to predators
  • Collective defense of shelter
  • Increased food resources
  • Environmental buffering
23
Q

communal arthropods - parental care of each individual are _____________________________________

A

directed towards their own offspring

24
Q

communal arthropods - Each family unit is ___________________________ aggregate shelter

A

spatially clustered within a larger

25
quasisocial arthropods - what forms of cooperation can be found
- Cooperative offspring feeding/provisioning. - Cooperative defense. - Cooperative shelter construction and maintenance
26
example of a quasisocial species
social spiders: cooperative prey capture and shelter defense
27
semisocial arthropods - Cooperative parental care is reinforced with ________________________________________ — a reproductive division of labor.
a bias in offspring production among parents
28
define dominance hierarchy
The physical domination of some members of a group by other members, creating a stable order for access to reproductive opportunities and other resources within the society
29
example of semisocial arthropods
Halictid bees
30
Halictid bees - Differences in reproductive potential (ovary development), reinforced by _________________________, results in a reproductive division of labor
dominance interactions
31
define caste
individuals that specialize on a well defined subset of tasks within a semi-social or eusocial society for a significant proportion or all of their lives
32
define queen
The female caste that specializes in reproduction for the majority or all of its life within a semisocial or eusocial society
33
define worker
The caste that specializes in non reproductive tasks within the colony
34
Simplest castes are _______________, often reinforced by ___________________________________.
- behavioral - secondary physiological changes
35
______________ castes have evolved in some social species, reinforcing behavioral specialization with a ________________________
- Morphological - specialized phenotype
36
All ______________________________ of eusociality show __________________ in extent to which is has evolved
- three defining characteristics - massive diversity
37
defining characteristics of eusociality - reproductive division of labor
Reproductive division of labor can be: - strictly behavioral and unstable (usurpation) - up to extreme morphological differentiation and egg production rates
38
defining characteristics of eusociality - cooperative offspring care
Cooperative offspring care can scale from: - simple feeding bouts to - complex division of labor in handling and rearing offspring.
39
defining characteristics of eusociality - overlap of generation
Overlap of generation can be: - fleeting at the and of the life of an annual colony, all the way up to - effectively immortal colonies with continuous overlap of generations of workers and reproductives.
40
eusocial arthropods - degrees in castes
- degrees of reproductive division of labor - Degrees of division of labor among non-reproductive individuals
41
eusocial arthropods castes - degrees of reproductive division of labor
- Behavioral queen. - Morphological specialized queen. - Different queen castes within the same species.
42
eusocial arthropods castes - degrees of division of labor among non-reproductive individuals
- Behavioral worker caste. - Behavioral specialization within worker caste. - Morphological specialization for a small subset of worker tasks.
43
example of a behavioral caste
paper wasps
44
paper wasps - how is the reproductive division of labor produced
- via behavioral dominance - aggression is used to maintain reproductive position
45
paper wasps - is the position of the queen stable
no, the behavioral "queen" can be usurped at any stage
46
example of an anthropod with morphological castes
fire ants
47
fire ants - describe the queen
Large, morphologically specialized and highly fecund
48
fire ants - why is there an additional specialized queen
it tries to take over nests that have lost their queen
49
fire ants - explain the sequential division of labor among worker caste
1. nurses 2. within-nest specialists 3. foragers
50
______________________________ among worker fire ants, reinforces certain specializations - e.g. larger individuals more aggressive in combat.
Physical size differentiation
51
define soldier
A member of a eusocial society morphologically specialized for defense
52
example of a soldier
polyembryonic wasps

Ecology & Evolution of Societies (24 decks)

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