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Ecology & Evolution of Societies > Societies and communication - part 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Societies and communication - part 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define society

A

A group of individuals belonging to the same species and organized in a cooperative manner.

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2
Q

what is the diagnostic criterion for a society

A

reciprocal communication of a cooperative nature, extending beyond mere sexual activity

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3
Q

define Communication

A

An action by one organism that produces an adaptive behavioral response in another organism.

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4
Q

what does communication involve

A
  • a signaler
  • one or more receiver
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5
Q

what are two key questions for any form of communication?

A
  1. How is communication achieved? — Structure of communication
  2. What is the purpose of communication? — Function in
    societies (discussed in part 2)
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6
Q

define discrete signal

A

A signal that is presented in a simple dichotomous on/off form, and which typically elicits a simple, unmodulated response

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7
Q

discrete signal - example

A

Recognition

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8
Q

define graded signal

A

A signal that can be varied in strength, and which typically elicits a variable response in the receiver.

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9
Q

graded signal - example

A

social interactions

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10
Q

modes of communication cover what

A

every mechanism where a signal can be emitted by one organism and received by another.

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11
Q

what are the main modes of communication

A
  • Sound.
  • Vibration.
  • Touch.
  • Visual (Color, Movement, Light)
  • Chemical.
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12
Q

what does signal stereotyping do

A

increases specificity of signal-response
interaction

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13
Q

what does stereotyping refer to

A

standardization and consistency

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14
Q

what does specificity allow

A

it can allow for more context-dependent meanings

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15
Q

what does specificity require

A
  • evolutionary coupling of signaler and receiver machinery
  • specificity must be sent and received to work.
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16
Q

what does signal specificity decrease

A

decreases error in outcome

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17
Q

How is a signal made more specific?

A

it can be used in combination with a behavior/display

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18
Q

define display

A

A specialized behavioral pattern that has evolved to convey signaled information

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19
Q

what is the difference between a signal and a display

A
  • signal = the information
  • display = mediates the conspicuousness and
    delivery of the information
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20
Q

Reliability of communication is increased how

A

often through contrasting signaler and receiver displays

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21
Q

example of contrasting signaler and receiver display

A

Dominance interactions

22
Q

contrasting signaler and receiver display - dominance interactions

A
  • dominant one is usually on top or above
  • subordinate one is usually lower
23
Q

All species have a __________________ of signals

A

limited repertoire

24
Q

what does amplification involve

A

enhancing or modifying an animal’s limited repertoire of signals to maximize information.

25
Q

Mechanisms of signal amplification

A
  • Temporal spacing and decay of signal.
  • Distance of signal.
  • Signal duration.
  • Composite signals.
  • Meta-communication.
  • Context.
  • Mass communication.
  • stereotyping/display
26
Q

signal amplification - Temporal spacing and decay of signal

A

The degree to which the original signal has eroded conveys additional information.

27
Q

temporal spacing and decay of signal example

A

ant trail reinforcement

28
Q

trail reinforcement - how are ant trails marked

A
  • marked with pheromone
  • single mode and signal
29
Q

trail reinforcement - which route suffers greater signal decay

A

Longer routes suffer greater signal decay of the trail pheromone

30
Q

trail reinforcement - how does the signal reinforce the trail

A

Degree of signal decay reinforces selection of best social foraging route

31
Q

signal amplification - distance of signal

A

A signal that is easily localized in space adds information about the proximity of signaler

32
Q

distance of signal - example

A

Howler monkey territorial signaling and group cohesion — location announcement

33
Q

signal amplification - signal duration

A

Continuously broadcast signals, such as built structures, provide lasting information for subsequent social communication.

34
Q

signal duration - example

A

The nest structure of ants can provide hard-coded communication signals

35
Q

signal amplification - composite signals

A
  • Combining two or more signals, each with their own individual meaning
  • produces a new signal without adding to the signal repertoire.
36
Q

composite signal - example

A

zebras bearing teeth and position of their ears refer to different meanings

37
Q

signal amplification - meta-communication

A

Initial signal used to communicate different meaning of subsequent signals

38
Q

signal amplification - context

A

Single signal has different meanings in different contexts

39
Q

context - example

A

Roaring in lions

40
Q

context - how is roaring used in lions

A
  • Finding each other
  • Bond reinforcing in contact
  • Territorial for neighboring prides
  • Close aggressive interaction in males
41
Q

lions - context for finding each other

A

context of separation

42
Q

lions - context for bond reinforcing in contact

A

context of interacting group members

43
Q

lions - context for territorial for neighboring prides

A

context of signal broadcast from group

44
Q

lions - context for close aggressive interaction in males

A

context of confrontation

45
Q

signal amplification - mass communication

A

Every individual is simultaneously signaling and receiving, producing an emergent social behavior.

46
Q

mass communication - example

A
  • army ant swarm
  • herds of animals
47
Q

mass communication - army ant swarm

A

Each ant is simultaneously laying pheromones and responding to the pheromones of others

48
Q

mass communication - herds

A

If there is a collective threat, there is cohesive movement to get away

49
Q

meta-communication - example

A

gorilla play

50
Q

At the broadest level what is the function of communication in societies?

A

the glue between society members, maintaining group cohesiveness.

51
Q

what is communication in a society analogous to

A

it is analogous to physiology in multicellular organisms

52
Q

Examples of broad functions of communication in societies

A
  • Defense against enemies (bees)
  • conflict resolution (wolves)
  • bonding/skill development (gorilla play)

Ecology & Evolution of Societies (24 decks)

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