Diversity of sociality across the tree of life – Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

snapping shrimp - eusociality castes

A
  • contain only one reproductive female - a “queen”
  • Larger colony members never breed and defend the colony against intruders — soldier caste.
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2
Q

snapping shrimp - overlap of generations

A

Developing juveniles remain in the natal sponge

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3
Q

what is the Ancestral Character State
Reconstruction used for

A

to infer social states at internal nodes

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4
Q

eusociality in insects evolved independently in _______________

A

5 insect orders

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5
Q

define primitive eusociality

A

species that satisfy the three general criteria of eusociality, without permanent caste membership

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6
Q

define complex eusociality

A

involving evolution of morphologically distinct castes

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7
Q

thrips - mated female initiates the ____ and lays brood.

A

gall

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8
Q

thrips - early produced individuals

A

small wings, barbed front legs, and swarm-attack gall intruders (i.e. soldiers)

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9
Q

thrips - later broods

A

Later broods have the more typical wing size and disperse (like the initiating mating female)

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10
Q

thrips - origins of eusociality

A
  • Number or origins unclear: Multiple origins or multiple loses in the same region of the tree
  • eusociality is a “labile” trait.
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11
Q

Like thrips, eusociality in aphids has evolved multiple times and is defined by soldier production in __________ species

A

galling

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12
Q

in termites, a ________________________________________, with all living species showing complex eusociality (distinct morphological castes).

A

single, ancient origin of eusociality

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13
Q

termite juveniles are ______________ of the mature adults (hemi-metabolous insects) and act as workers.

A

small versions

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14
Q

Developing offspring typically retain incredible __________________________ to become reproductives or soldiers

A

developmental flexibility

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15
Q

define “True worker”

A

means a specialized, terminal developmental form for non-reproductive tasks

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16
Q

All ants are __________, except where ____________________ in extreme social parasites

A
  • eusocial
  • secondarily lost
17
Q

Most Hymenoptera (predominantly bees and wasps) are _________

A

solitary

18
Q

All ants live in complex eusocial societies (unless secondarily lost) — single origin of eusociality _________________________________________

A

before the ancestor of modern ants

19
Q

Social evolution in ants is characterized by _________________________________________

A

repeated and diverse patterns of caste evolution

20
Q

Castes in ant society include alternative reproductive forms, nurses, transport castes, and soldiers, all of which have evolved ______________________________

A

multiple times independently

21
Q

A ______________ genus-level phylogeny of the ants is near but still a work in progress

A

fully-resolved

22
Q

define convergent evolution

A

Two or more species descended from distantly related ancestors evolve similar adaptations to common environmental challenges