Societies, mutualists, & parasites - part 3 Flashcards
Diversity of non-social parasites
- Endoparasites
- Animal ectoparasites
diversity of non-social parasites - endoparasites example
Fungal parasite that makes “zombie ants”
diversity of non-social parasites - animal ectoparasites example
- ant nest beetles
- rove beetles and army ants
Diversity in the categories of social parasitism
- Social mutualism turned social parasitism.
- Xenobiosis.
- Temporary social parasitism.
- Dulosis.
- Inquilinism.
endoparasites - fungal parasite that makes zombie ants
- Ophiocordyceps
- can cause extreme behavioral modification in its ant hosts
Ophiocordyceps - what aids it’s dispersal
a “zombie ant” extended phenotype aids its dispersal to new hosts
Ophiocordyceps - what does it exploit in the ants
exploits the social foraging and organization of the ant colony
animal ectoparasites
- Many non-social animal parasites of societies are “predators within”.
- All employ some form of invisibility, mimicry, or attractiveness.
Ectoparasites - In some cases, the _________________ have ______________________________, parasitizing a diversity of social hosts.
- parasitic lineages
- diversified into large numbers of species
ectoparasites: ant nest beetles - what do beetles use to infiltrate nests
attractiveness to infiltrate ant nests and move freely within, while preying on ant larvae.
ectoparasites: ant nest beetles - how do the beetles use attractiveness to infiltrate
The beetle “stridulate” to attract host ants, and produce appeasing chemicals in special glands on the head and antennae.
ectoparasites - rove beetles and army ants
- they are mimetic predators within and consume larvae and adult ants
- striking example of convergence
ectoparasites - how is it an example of convergence
multiple evolutionary events resulting in the same mimic forms within different army ant hosts
Diversity in the categories of social parasitism - Social mutualism turned social parasitism
ant-aphid example
social mutualism turned social parasitism - ant-aphid
- Discovery of a novel “caste” within a certain aphid species that is carried into the brood pile of the ants.
- In the brood pile the individuals of this novel caste drink blood from the ant larvae
diversity in the categories of social parasitism - xenobiosis definition
social parasitism where the parasite society nests inside or near to the the nest of the host society and steals resources from the host — kleptoparasitism.
xenobiosis - what may the resources include
- may include the shelter itself
- can include more direct interactions in the form of solicited, regurgitated food
xenobiosis - Hosts and parasites are typically __________________
distantly related
xenobiosis - what is it typically dependent on
- it often depends on chemical mimicry
- especially for xenobiosis within the host nest, often through within-nest acquisition of odor chemicals
xenobiosis example
Megalomyrmex ants
xenobiosis - Megalomyrmex ants
- they are xenobiotic social parasites of fungus gardening ants.
- Megalomyrmex ants eat the fungus of their host (and some larvae).
Diversity in the categories of social parasitism - temporary social parasitism
Founding individual of the parasitic species infiltrates an existing society of another species and replaces the reproductive as a founding strategy
temporary social parasitism - what do they parasitize
the whole social mechanism of brood rearing in the colony founding stage.
temporary social parasitism - why is this called ‘temporary’
- the mixed-species nests as the orphaned host workers slowly die off
- then the nest is entirely replaced by parasite workers that perform normal worker tasks.
temporary social parasitism - Typically _________________ species
closely related
temporary social parasitism - why do they have to be closely related
the parasite needs to have similar traits and brood rearing mechanisms in order to infiltrate the host colony
temporary social parasitism - example
Ant species Bothriomyrmex decapitans
diversity in the categories of social parasitism - Dulosis definition
Permanent social parasitism where the replacement of the host reproductive with the parasite is followed by subsequent acquisition of new host larvae from raided nearby host colonies.
dulosis - what does it parasitize
the whole social mechanism of brood rearing throughout the parasites life.
Dulotic species are _____________ to their host, and often parasitize _____________ species.
- closely related
- multiple host
dulosis - results in _________________________________ of parasite and host, and often multiple host species
permanent mixed-species nests
diversity of social parasitism - Inquilinism definition
A permanent social parasitism in which a specialized reproductive parasite relies entirely on the social mechanisms of the host
inquilinism - Typically, inquilines have effectively ___________, with workers no longer produced
lost sociality
inquilinism - example
Teleutomyrmex schneideri
inquilinism - Teleutomyrmex schneideri
- As queen lays eggs, parasite is latched onto the rear of the queen and lays eggs into egg pile of queen
- It’s so dependent on the host that it loses sociality
What do we expect to see with respect to trait evolution and species production as mutualisms and parasitisms evolve?
We might expect to see coupled evolutionary transitions in the traits of mutualism and parasitism partners through time
How could we study trait evolution and species production as mutualisms as parasitisms evolve?
- We can study the evolution of mutualisms and parasitisms by comparing phylogenetic trees of partners
- looking for signature of co-evolution.
define coevolution
The reciprocal evolution in two or more interacting species of adaptations selected by the interactions between these species.
identifying mutualism and parasitism partners through time
- Timing of traits involved in mutualistic/parasitic partnership
- Evolution of associations (emanine the tips)
identifying mutualism and parasitism partners through time - timing of traits involved
shows that they co-evolved if the timing is the same
identifying mutualism and parasitism partners through time - evolution of associations
- there can be a:
- One-to-one host-parasite relationship
- One host to many closely related (monophyletic) parasites
- Many closely related (monophyletic) hosts to one parasite
- One host to many distantly related (polyphyletic) parasites
- “Co-speciation” of host and parasite lineages
