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Ecology & Evolution of Societies > Societies and reproduction - part 1 > Flashcards

Societies and reproduction - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the goal of reproduction?

A

Maximize offspring in the next generation

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2
Q

From the perspective of inclusive fitness theory, what is the goal of reproduction?

A

to maximize copies of your genes in the next generation

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3
Q

Conceptually, it can be easier to focus on the ______________________________ than number of offspring.

A

accumulation of gene copies

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4
Q

how can gene copies be accumulated?

A
  • direct reproduction (own offspring)
  • indirect reproduction (offspring of related individuals).
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5
Q

what is reproduction in a social context about

A

maximizing direct and indirect reproduction

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6
Q

________________________ is always maximized by being ________________ individual(s) within the larger society.

A
  • Direct reproduction
  • the reproductive
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7
Q

what allows a “reproductive skew” or a complete division of labor?

A

Monopolization or control of a key social resource

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8
Q

define reproductive skew

A

Uneven distribution of reproduction among multiple breeding individuals in a society.

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9
Q

In all but clonal societies, differences in relatedness to offspring creates _________________________________

A

conflict over reproductive skew

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10
Q

_____________________ for successful maintenance of the society and successful reproduction (for the genes for sociality to evolve).

A

Conflict must be resolved

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11
Q

what is the “tragedy of the commons”

A

For any shared resource within a social group (a “commons”), there is a pressure for each individual to take a little more, to increase direct benefits, until the resource is overexploited and all individuals get diminishing returns, or nothing

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12
Q

what does social evolution require

A

mechanisms that prevent a “tragedy of the commons” with respect to shared resources and reproductive output

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13
Q

processes of group maintenance:

A
  • limitations of exploitation from outside
  • Limitations of exploitation from inside
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14
Q

processes of group maintenance - limitations of exploitation from inside

A
  • Self-limitation.
  • Coercion.
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15
Q

processes of group maintenance have resulted in what

A

the evolution of a diverse array of reproductive strategies and life cycles

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16
Q

Key defense against exploitation of a social group by outside intruders is _____________________

A

recognition of self vs. non-self

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17
Q

Self vs. non-self requires ______________________ — non-trivial task when “self” is a large social group.

A

a reliable recognition system

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18
Q

Categories of recognition systems

A
  • Individual-level recognition.
  • Group-member recognition.
  • Kin recognition
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19
Q

are recognition systems perfect?

A

no, they are imperfect and can be exploited

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20
Q

Individual recognition relies on what

A

unique individual cues (visual, olfactory, auditory) and capacity for the individual brain to remember them.

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21
Q

where is individual recognition common and why

A

its common in mammal societies bc they have well-developed cognitive abilities and memory

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22
Q

what is a fundamental aspect of mammal social structure.

A

Persistent and complex individual-level relationships

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23
Q

what does the the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus use for individual recognition

A

variable facial features

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24
Q

paper wasps - ___________ of social partners lasts for up to a week and is _______________________________________

A
  • memory
  • maintained day to day by ongoing social interactions
25
Q

why is individual recognition important

A
  • intruder recognition
  • as part of the maintenance of social interactions for group members
26
Q

Instead of individual-level recognition, all group members can recognize ___________________________

A

a consistent group-level cue.

27
Q

Olfactory cue may be _____________ and _____________________________

A
  • partly genetic
  • partly environmental
28
Q

why is the olfactory cue partly genetic

A

if it was 100% genetic there would be failures

29
Q

where is group member recognition common and why

A

social arthropods bc the group shares a common olfactory cue

30
Q

________________ component emerges as a consequence of ____________________________.

A
  • Environmental
  • shared social space and food resources
31
Q

nestmate recognition in ants is based primarily on what

A

“hydrocarbon profiles” (complex oils) on the cuticle (exoskeleton)

32
Q

Fire ants are ____________ and frequently ___________________________________.

A
  • territorial
  • encounter individuals from neighboring territories
33
Q

what is nestmate recognition in fire ants critical for

A

maintaining colony boundaries and integrity of the reproductive social unit

34
Q

what are the three Hydrocarbon profile components

A
  1. species specific (genetic)
  2. colony specific (genetic)
  3. modified by colony environment, including shared colony food.
35
Q

what does experimental standardization of diet across fire ant colonies do

A
  • removes aggression to individual intruders (environmental influence)
  • but aggression remains among large groups (persistent genetic component).
36
Q

what does kin recognition rely on

A

the presence and detection of reliable cues for relatedness

37
Q

Kin recognition is the ________________ form of social recognition and hardest to study

A

least well-known

38
Q

why is kin recognition likely to be the least common form of social recognition

A

bc of constraints on both presence and detection of reliable cues — plus strong selection to obscure kin recognition cues.

39
Q

Categories of self-limitation of cheating

A
  • Self-limitation via negative frequency-dependence
  • Self-limitation via excessive costs to the group
40
Q

Self-limitation via negative frequency dependence

A

If the direct benefits gained by cheating decrease as frequency of cheaters increases, cheating will not be selected within the population.

41
Q

Self-limitation via excessive costs to the group

A

If cheating negatively impacts group reproductive output (total direct and indirect benefits of social group), cheating will not be selected.

42
Q

Group members can manipulate others to _______________ the ______________ on conflicts of interest, stabilizing the society.

A
  • decrease or eliminate
  • power to act
43
Q

Forms of social coercion can be placed into the following three categories:

A
  • Dominance.
  • Punishment.
  • Policing.
44
Q

Dominance allows individuals to establish what

A
  • “reproductive skew”
  • or complete monopolization of reproduction within the society.
45
Q

what happens to reproductive skew if reproductive monopolization is not achieved

A

reproductive skew typically follows a dominance hierarchy

46
Q

Dominance position is determined by what

A

asymmetries in the dominance interactions

47
Q

explain the asymmetries in the dominance interactions

A
  • High ranking individuals accumulate wins in dominance interactions
  • while lower ranking individuals suffer more losses.
48
Q

What kind of symmetries between individuals might determine the outcome of dominance interactions?

A
  1. Asymmetry in power between dominants and subordinates
  2. Asymmetry in fitness consequences of escalated fighting
49
Q

Asymmetry in power between dominants and subordinates

A
  • Dominants are larger, older, and/or stronger
  • Parents and offspring
50
Q

asymmetry in power between dominants and subordinates - dominants are larger, older, and/or stronger

A

Exploitation of these initial asymmetries typically determine the initial establishment of dominance rank.

51
Q

asymmetry in power between dominants and subordinates - parents and offspring

A

Parents, and especially mothers who tend to be closer to offspring, are always larger and stronger than offspring, at least early in life.

52
Q

Asymmetry in fitness consequences of escalated fighting.

A

Loss by some individuals has greater implications for indirect fitness

53
Q

define punishment

A

A coercive behavior that has direct or indirect benefit to the punisher by deterring the victim from acting selfishly in the future.

54
Q

punishment is a form of coercion with the goal of _____________________________

A

long-term/permanent manipulation

55
Q

Punishment can be established as a what interaction

A
  • one-to-one
  • one-to-many
  • or many-to-one interaction.
56
Q

define policing

A

A coercive behavior that provides an indirect benefit to the policer by preventing a cheating social act, without necessarily deterring future cheating.

57
Q

Policing is typically achieved as a what interaction

A
  • many-to-one
  • or a many-to-many interaction.
58
Q

why does policing not require social dominance

A

because the policers outnumber the cheats and it is returning an indirect benefit.

59
Q

The indirect benefit means that policing can be ___________________ that can be _____________ the individual needing to __________________________________

A
  • a short-lived act
  • beneficial without
  • maintain direct reproductive gains or elevated social status.

Ecology & Evolution of Societies (24 decks)

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